CAP Profiles

Bio

Clinical Focus

  • Cancer > Breast Cancer
  • Breast Cancer
  • Breast Cancer - Diagnostic Imaging
  • Diagnostic Radiology
  • Radiology
  • breast density
  • breast cancer needle biopsy
  • breast cancer screening
  • breast cancer mammography
  • breast cancer ultrasound
  • breast cancer magnetic resonance imaging
  • breast cancer outcomes
  • breast cancer tomosynthesis

Academic Appointments

Administrative Appointments

  • Breast Imaging Fellowship Director, Stanford University School of Medicine (2015 - 2019)
  • Breast Imaging Section Chief, Stanford University Breast Imaging Section (1992 - 2016)

Honors & Awards

  • Teacher of the Year, Stanford Radiology (1997)
  • Fellow, Society of Breast Imaging (1990)
  • Fellow, American College of Radiology (2014)

Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations

  • Leader, California Breast Density Information Group (2012 - Present)

Professional Education

  • Medical Education: University of Connecticut School of Medicine Registrar (1983) CT
  • Residency: University of Michigan GME Training Verifications (1987) MI
  • Internship: U Michigan (1984)
  • Board Certification: American Board of Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology (1987)
  • MD, University of Connecticut, Medicine (1983)
  • Residency, University of Michigan, Radiology (1987)
  • Fellowship, UCSF, Mammography (1987)
  • Fellowship, Malmo General Hospital, Sweden, Mammography (1988)

Community and International Work

  • California Breast Density Information Group, USA Legislation

    Topic

    Breast Density on Mammography Education

    Populations Served

    Women undergoing mammography

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    Yes

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

  • California SB 1538 Breast Density Notification Law

    Topic

    California SB 1538 Breast Density Notification Law

    Partnering Organization(s)

    California Breast Density Information Broup

    Populations Served

    women undergoing breast cancer screening with mammography and their health care providers

    Location

    California

    Ongoing Project

    No

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

  • International Working Group on Breast MRI, American College of Radiology

    Topic

    Breast MRI

    Partnering Organization(s)

    NCI, ACR, Susan G. Komen Foundation

    Populations Served

    women with breast cancer

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    Yes

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

Contact

    • Tel: (650) 723-8462
    Fax: (650) 736-7562
  • James Alexander Administrative Associate
    • Tel: 650 725 3651
  • Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center 875 Blake Wilbur Dr Rm 2234 Radiology 1104 Stanford, CA 94305
    • Tel: (650) 723-8462
    Fax: (650) 736-7562
  • Stanford Cancer Center South Bay 2589 Samaritan Dr San Jose, CA 95124
    • Tel: (650) 498-6000
    Fax: (669) 233-2172

Links

Research & Scholarship

Current Research and Scholarly Interests

Our group focuses on breast cancer detection and diagnosis with imaging, development and testing of new imaging techniques, and transfer of new technology to the clinical arena.

As leader of the California Breast Density Information Group (CBDIG) which includes members from all California academic breast centers and with members of private practice, current work focuses on the impact of COVID-19 during shutdown, re-opening and periodic re-closing/re-opening during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and upcoming federal implementation of new breast density laws.

Other ongoing work focuses on Deep Learning of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis, AI of breast MRI, AI in triple negative breast cancer, CT-guided localization of axillary lymph nodes after NACT, US-guided tattoo marking of axillary lymph nodes prior to NACT, breast cancer recurrences after radiation therapy, mammography image quality, MRI diffusion-weighted imaging, MRI biopsy, MRI BIRADS 3, mammography positioning, imaging of fat necrosis after fat transfer, FDG PET-CT.

Prior publications include work in digital breast tomosynthesis, analog and digital mammography, breast density legislation, computer-aided detection, breast ultrasound, breast cancer screening, high-resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), MRI-guided breast biopsy, MR spectroscopy, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), fine-needle aspiration cytology, stereotactic needle biopsy, partial breast irradiation, sentinel lymph node biopsy, radiofrequency percutaneous tumor ablation, compliance with recommendations after biopsy and imaging of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Stanford provides the optimal location in Silcon Valley for developing, researching, transferring and implementing new technology to the clinical arena in our busy all-digital tomosynthesis Breast Cancer Center. Working with world-class basic science researchers, engineers, chemists and physicists the Stanford Breast Imaging service provides state-of-the-art imaging with access to the latest technologies and imaging modalities. The Lucas Center for Magnetic Resonance and Spectroscopy, and the Clark Center which houses the MIPS program are located within a block from the Medical Center and from each other. Breast cancer imaging research is supported by a uniquely qualified team of Stanford Radiology Engineering, Physics and Medical faculty, postdoctoral candidates and graduate students from around the world.

The Stanford Breast Imaging Service has state-of-the-art imaging equipment to provide imaging research material, including all tomosynthesis digital mammography units, PACS to correlate ultrasound, MRI and PET/CT images and a hosptial-wide patient electronic medical information system. Research stems from clinical questions generated at the Breast Center, clinical dilemmas encountered during everyday practice, and implementation of new techniques developed at Stanford and in Silicon Valley to improve women's health.

Clinical Trials

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Cancer Recruiting

    To compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with more well established diagnostic imaging techniques to determine which method best finds and defines breast cancer.

    View full details

  • Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Following Lumpectomy for Breast Cancer Not Recruiting

    To determine whether an accelerated course of radiotherapy delivered to the lumpectomy cavity plus margin using IORT as a single dose, intracavitary brachytherapy with the MammoSite device over 5 days, partial breast 3-D CRT in 5 days, or stereotactic APBI over 4 days is a feasible and safe alternative to a six and a half week course of whole breast radiotherapy. The study will measure both short and long-term complications of radiation treatment, short and long-term breast cosmesis, local rates of in-breast cancer recurrence, regional recurrences, distant metastases, and overall survival.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Sally Bobo, (650) 736 - 1472.

    View full details

  • Adjunctive Efficacy Study Of The SoftScan® Optical Breast Imaging System Not Recruiting

    The primary study endpoint -SoftScan adjunctive accuracy- will be used to test the hypothesis that the adjunctive combination of the SoftScan with x-ray mammography provides diagnostic accuracy that is significantly better than x-ray mammography alone.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Leslie Roche, (650) 724 - 5913.

    View full details

  • Breast Density and the Role of Preoperative Mammography, Ultrasound, Elastography and MRI Not Recruiting

    To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of preoperative ultrasound, elastography, mammography and breast MRI in women with dense breast tissue diagnosed with breast cancer; to test whether elastography or MRI can improve upon routine mammogram and conventional ultrasound in women with dense breast tissue.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Leslie Roche, (650) 724 - 5913.

    View full details

  • MRI in Women With Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer Prior to Breast Conserving Surgery Not Recruiting

    To see if performing breast MRI before a lumpectomy will help the surgeon successfully remove the entire cancer with normal tissue margins in a single operation thereby reducing the need for additional surgical procedures. The study will also measure how well MRI can find unsuspected cancers in the same breast as the known cancer; how well MRI will find unsuspected cancers in the opposite breast; how often MRI will generate false positive MRI findings; whether routinely incorporating breast MRI delays care or adds unnecessary cost; and, whether breast MRI is able to reduce the frequency of cancer recurrence in the treated breast or elsewhere in the body.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Sally Bobo, 650-736-1472.

    View full details

  • Radiofrequency-Guided Localization in Patients With Abnormal Breast Tissue Undergoing Lumpectomy Not Recruiting

    This pilot clinical trial studies the use of the radiofrequency-guided localization in patients with abnormal breast tissue undergoing lumpectomy (a type of breast-sparing surgery). The radiofrequency identification localization system consists of an implantable radiofrequency identification tag and a hand-held radiofrequency reader to mark abnormal breast tissue before surgery and later surgically retrieve them. Radiofrequency-guided localization may make it easier to find and remove abnormal breast tissue during lumpectomy.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Sumita Sood, 650-723-0186.

    View full details

Teaching

2020-21 Courses

Publications

All Publications

  • Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Breast Imaging Education. Journal of breast imaging Chalfant, J. S., Pittman, S. M., Kothari, P. D., Chong, A., Grimm, L. J., Sohlich, R. E., Leung, J. W., Downey, J. R., Cohen, E. O., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Hoyt, A. C., Joe, B. N., Feig, S. A., Trinh, L., Rosen, E. L., Aminololama-Shakeri, S., Ikeda, D. M. 2021; 3 (3): 354-362

    Abstract

    Objective: To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast imaging education.Methods: A 22-item survey addressing four themes during the early pandemic (time on service, structured education, clinical training, future plans) was emailed to Society of Breast Imaging members and members-in-training in July 2020. Responses were compared using McNemar's and Mann-Whitney U tests; a general linear model was used for multivariate analysis.Results: Of 136 responses (136/2824, 4.8%), 96 U.S. responses from radiologists with trainees, residents, and fellows were included. Clinical exposure declined during the early pandemic, with almost no medical students on service (66/67, 99%) and fewer clinical days for residents (78/89, 88%) and fellows (48/68, 71%). Conferences shifted to remote live format (57/78, 73%), with some canceled (15/78, 19%). Compared to pre-pandemic, resident diagnostic (75/78, 96% vs 26/78, 33%) (P < 0.001) and procedural (73/78, 94% vs 21/78, 27%) (P < 0.001) participation fell, as did fellow diagnostic (60/61, 98% vs 47/61, 77%) (P = 0.001) and procedural (60/61, 98% vs 43/61, 70%) (P < 0.001) participation. Most thought that the pandemic negatively influenced resident and fellow screening (64/77, 83% and 43/60, 72%, respectively), diagnostic (66/77, 86% and 37/60, 62%), and procedural (71/77, 92% and 37/61, 61%) education. However, a majority thought that decreased time on service (36/67, 54%) and patient contact (46/79, 58%) would not change residents' pursuit of a breast imaging fellowship.Conclusion: The pandemic has had a largely negative impact on breast imaging education, with reduction in exposure to all aspects of breast imaging. However, this may not affect career decisions.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jbi/wbab021

    View details for PubMedID 34056594

  • Interval Breast Cancer Rates and Tumor Characteristics in the Prospective Population-based Malmo Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial. Radiology Johnson, K., Lang, K., Ikeda, D. M., Akesson, A., Andersson, I., Zackrisson, S. 2021: 204106

    Abstract

    Background Interval cancer rates can be used to evaluate whether screening with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) contributes to a screening benefit. Purpose To compare interval cancer rates and tumor characteristics in DBT screening to those in a contemporary population screened with digital mammography (DM). Materials and Methods The prospective population-based Malmo Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial (MBTST) was designed to compare one-view DBT to two-view DM in breast cancer detection. The interval cancer rates and cancer characteristics in the MBTST were compared with an age-matched contemporary control group, screened with two-view DM at the same center. Conditional logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results There were 14 848 women who were screened with DBT and DM in the MBTST between January 2010 and February 2015. The trial women were matched with two women of the same age and screening occasion at DM screening during the same period. Matches for 13 369 trial women (mean age, 56 years ± 10 [standard deviation]) were found with 26 738 women in the control group (mean age, 56 years ± 10). The interval cancer rate in the MBTST was 1.6 per 1000 screened women (21 of 13 369; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.4) compared with 2.8 per 1000 screened women in the control group (76 of 26 738 [95% CI: 2.2, 3.6]; conditional odds ratio, 0.6 [95% CI: 0.3, 0.9]; P = .02). The invasive interval cancers in the MBTST and in the control group showed in general high Ki-67 (63% [12 of 19] and 75% [54 of 72]), and low proportions of luminal A-like subtype (26% [five of 19] and 17% [12 of 72]), respectively. Conclusion The reduced interval cancer rate after screening with digital breast tomosynthesis compared with a contemporary age-matched control group screened with digital mammography might translate into screening benefits. Interval cancers in the trial generally had nonfavorable characteristics. ©RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Mann in this issue.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2021204106

    View details for PubMedID 33825509

  • Validation of a candidate instrument to assess image quality in digital mammography using ROC analysis. European journal of radiology Boita, J., van Engen, R. E., Mackenzie, A., Tingberg, A., Bosmans, H., Bolejko, A., Zackrisson, S., Wallis, M. G., Ikeda, D. M., van Ongeval, C., Pijnappel, R., Broeders, M., Sechopoulos, I. 2021; 139: 109686

    Abstract

    PURPOSE: To validate a candidate instrument, to be used by different professionals to assess image quality in digital mammography (DM), against detection performance results.METHODS: A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) study was conducted to assess the detection performance in DM images with four different image quality levels due to different quality issues. Fourteen expert breast radiologists from five countries assessed a set of 80 DM cases, containing 60 lesions (40 cancers, 20 benign findings) and 20 normal cases. A visual grading analysis (VGA) study using a previously-described candidate instrument was conducted to evaluate a subset of 25 of the images used in the ROC study. Eight radiologists that had participated in the ROC study, and seven expert breast-imaging physicists, evaluated this subset. The VGA score (VGAS) and the ROC and visual grading characteristics (VGC) areas under the curve (AUCROC and AUCVGC) were compared.RESULTS: No large differences in image quality among the four levels were detected by either ROC or VGA studies. However, the ranking of the four levels was consistent: level 1 (partial AUCROC: 0.070, VGAS: 6.77) performed better than levels 2 (0.066, 6.15), 3 (0.061, 5.82), and 4 (0.062, 5.37). Similarity between radiologists' and physicists' assessments was found (average VGAS difference of 10 %).CONCLUSIONS: The results from the candidate instrument were found to correlate with those from ROC analysis, when used by either observer group. Therefore, it may be used by different professionals, such as radiologists, radiographers, and physicists, to assess clinically-relevant image quality variations in DM.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109686

    View details for PubMedID 33819803

  • How does image quality affect radiologists' perceived ability for image interpretation and lesion detection in digital mammography? European radiology Boita, J., van Engen, R. E., Mackenzie, A., Tingberg, A., Bosmans, H., Bolejko, A., Zackrisson, S., Wallis, M. G., Ikeda, D. M., Van Ongeval, C., Pijnappel, R., Broeders, M., Sechopoulos, I., VISUAL group, Jansen, F., Duijm, L., de Bruin, H., Andersson, I., Behmer, C., Taylor, K., Kilburn-Toppin, F., van Goethem, M., Prevos, R., Salem, N., Pal, S. 2021

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES: To study how radiologists' perceived ability to interpret digital mammography (DM) images is affected by decreases in image quality.METHODS: One view from 45 DM cases (including 30 cancers) was degraded to six levels each of two acquisition-related issues (lower spatial resolution and increased quantum noise) and three post-processing-related issues (lower and higher contrast and increased correlated noise) seen during clinical evaluation of DM systems. The images were shown to fifteen breast screening radiologists from five countries. Aware of lesion location, the radiologists selected the most-degraded mammogram (indexed from 1 (reference) to 7 (most degraded)) they still felt was acceptable for interpretation. The median selected index, per degradation type, was calculated separately for calcification and soft tissue (including normal) cases. Using the two-sided, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, the median indices for each case and degradation type were compared.RESULTS: Radiologists were not tolerant to increases (medians: 1.5 (calcifications) and 2 (soft tissue)) or decreases (median: 2, for both types) in contrast, but were more tolerant to correlated noise (median: 3, for both types). Increases in quantum noise were tolerated more for calcifications than for soft tissue cases (medians: 3 vs. 4, p = 0.02). Spatial resolution losses were considered less acceptable for calcification detection than for soft tissue cases (medians: 3.5 vs. 5, p = 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Perceived ability of radiologists for image interpretation in DM was affected not only by image acquisition-related issues but also by image post-processing issues, and some of those issues affected calcification cases more than soft tissue cases.KEY POINTS: Lower spatial resolution and increased quantum noise affected the radiologists' perceived ability to interpret calcification cases more than soft tissue lesion or normal cases. Post-acquisition image processing-related effects, not only image acquisition-related effects, also impact the perceived ability of radiologists to interpret images and detect lesions. In addition to current practices, post-acquisition image processing-related effects need to also be considered during the testing and evaluation of digital mammography systems.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00330-020-07679-8

    View details for PubMedID 33475774

  • Multishot Diffusion-Weighted MRI of the Breast With Multiplexed Sensitivity Encoding (MUSE) and Shot Locally Low-Rank (Shot-LLR) Reconstructions. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI Hu, Y., Ikeda, D. M., Pittman, S. M., Samarawickrama, D., Guidon, A., Rosenberg, J., Chen, S., Okamoto, S., Daniel, B. L., Hargreaves, B. A., Moran, C. J. 2020

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has shown promise to screen for breast cancer without a contrast injection, but image distortion and low spatial resolution limit standard single-shot DWI. Multishot DWI methods address these limitations but introduce shot-to-shot phase variations requiring correction during reconstruction.PURPOSE: To investigate the performance of two multishot DWI reconstruction methods, multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE) and shot locally low-rank (shot-LLR), compared to single-shot DWI in the breast.STUDY TYPE: Prospective.POPULATION: A total of 45 women who consented to have multishot DWI added to a clinically indicated breast MRI.FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCES: Single-shot DWI reconstructed by parallel imaging, multishot DWI with four or eight shots reconstructed by MUSE and shot-LLR, 3D T2 -weighted imaging, and contrast-enhanced MRI at 3T.ASSESSMENT: Three blinded observers scored images for 1) general image quality (perceived signal-to-noise ratio [SNR], ghosting, distortion), 2) lesion features (discernment and morphology), and 3) perceived resolution. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the lesion was also measured and compared between methods.STATISTICAL TESTS: Image quality features and perceived resolution were assessed with a mixed-effects logistic regression. Agreement among observers was estimated with a Krippendorf's alpha using linear weighting. Lesion feature ratings were visualized using histograms, and correlation coefficients of lesion ADC between different methods were calculated.RESULTS: MUSE and shot-LLR images were rated to have significantly better perceived resolution (P<0.001), higher SNR (P<0.005), and a lower level of distortion (P<0.05) with respect to single-shot DWI. Shot-LLR showed reduced ghosting artifacts with respect to both MUSE (P<0.001) and single-shot DWI (P<0.001). Eight-shot DWI had improved perceived SNR and perceived resolution with respect to four-shot DWI (P<0.005).DATA CONCLUSION: Multishot DWI enables increased resolution and improved image quality with respect to single-shot DWI in the breast. Shot-LLR reconstructs multishot DWI with minimal ghosting artifacts. The improvement of multishot DWI in image quality increases with an increased number of shots.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.27383

    View details for PubMedID 33067849

  • Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Metastasis to the Breast Unexpectedly Discovered on Re-staging 18F-FDG PET/CT in a Woman With a Normal Screening Mammogram. Clinical lung cancer Kozlov, A., Pantel, A., Iagaru, A., Ikeda, D. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.06.012

    View details for PubMedID 32680805

  • Prognostic values of quantitative and morphological parameters of dbPET in patients with luminal-type breast cancer: A pilot study Miyake, K., Nakamoto, Y., Ikeda, D., Iagaru, A., Daniel, B., Lipson, J., Pal, S., Mittra, E., Guo, H., Kanao, S., Kataoka, M., Toi, M., Togashi, K. SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC. 2020

    View details for Web of Science ID 000568290500482

  • First experience with a novel "wireless" wire localization device. The breast journal Kozlov, A. N., Ikeda, D. M. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1111/tbj.13847

    View details for PubMedID 32304610

  • Pure Fibrocystic Change Diagnosed at MRI-guided Vacuum-assisted Breast Biopsy: Imaging Features and Follow-up Outcomes JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING Chen, S., Okamoto, S., Daniel, B. L., Covelli, J., DeMartini, W. B., Ikeda, D. M. 2020; 2 (2): 141–46

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jbi/wbz090

    View details for Web of Science ID 000604353200008

  • A randomized phase II study comparing surgical excision versus NeOadjuvant Radiotherapy followed by delayed surgical excision of Ductal carcinoma In Situ (NORDIS) Wapnir, I., DeMartini, W., Allison, K., Stone, K., Dirbas, F., Marquez, C., Ikeda, D., Pal, S., Tsai, J., Yang, R., West, R., McMillan, A., Telli, M., Horst, K. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS19-OT3-09-04

    View details for Web of Science ID 000527012500151

  • Clumped vs non-clumped internal enhancement patterns in linear non-mass enhancement on breast MRI Chen, S., Covelli, J., Okamoto, S., Daniel, B., DeMartini, W., Ikeda, D. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS19-P6-02-05

    View details for Web of Science ID 000527012503061

  • Development and content validity evaluation of a candidate instrument to assess image quality in digital mammography: A mixed-method study. European journal of radiology Boita, J. n., Bolejko, A. n., Zackrisson, S. n., Wallis, M. G., Ikeda, D. M., Van Ongeval, C. n., van Engen, R. E., Mackenzie, A. n., Tingberg, A. n., Bosmans, H. n., Pijnappel, R. n., Sechopoulos, I. n., Broeders, M. n. 2020; 134: 109464

    Abstract

    To develop a candidate instrument to assess image quality in digital mammography, by identifying clinically relevant features in images that are affected by lower image quality.Interviews with fifteen expert breast radiologists from five countries were conducted and analysed by using adapted directed content analysis. During these interviews, 45 mammographic cases, containing 44 lesions (30 cancers, 14 benign findings), and 5 normal cases, were shown with varying image quality. The interviews were performed to identify the structures from breast tissue and lesions relevant for image interpretation, and to investigate how image quality affected the visibility of those structures. The interview findings were used to develop tentative items, which were evaluated in terms of wording, understandability, and ambiguity with expert breast radiologists. The relevance of the tentative items was evaluated using the content validity index (CVI) and modified kappa index (k*).Twelve content areas, representing the content of image quality in digital mammography, emerged from the interviews and were converted into 29 tentative items. Fourteen of these items demonstrated excellent CVI ≥ 0.78 (k* > 0.74), one showed good CVI < 0.78 (0.60 ≤ k* ≤ 0.74), while fourteen were of fair or poor CVI < 0.78 (k* ≤ 0.59). In total, nine items were deleted and five were revised or combined resulting in 18 items.By following a mixed-method methodology, a candidate instrument was developed that may be used to characterise the clinically-relevant impact that image quality variations can have on digital mammography.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109464

    View details for PubMedID 33307458

  • Clumped vs non-clumped internal enhancement patterns in linear non-mass enhancement on breast MRI. The British journal of radiology Chen, S. T., Covelli, J. n., Okamoto, S. n., Daniel, B. L., DeMartini, W. B., Ikeda, D. M. 2020: 20201166

    Abstract

    To compare positive predictive values (PPVs) of clumped vs non-clumped (homogenous and heterogeneous) internal enhancement on MRI detected linear non-mass enhancement (NME) on MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (MRI-VABB).With IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval, we retrospectively reviewed 598 lesions undergoing MRI-VABB from January 2015 to April 2018 that showed linear NME. We reviewed the electronic medical records for MRI-VABB pathology, any subsequent surgery and clinical follow-up. The X2 test was performed for univariate analysis.There were 120/598 (20%) linear NME MRI-VABB lesions with clumped (52/120, 43%) vs non-clumped (68/120, 57%) internal enhancement, average size 1.8 cm (range 0.6-7.6 cm). On MRI-VABB, cancer was identified in 22/120 (18%) lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was found in 18/22 (82%) and invasive cancer in 4 (18%). 3/31 (10%) high-risk lesions upgraded to DCIS at surgery, for a total of 25/120 (21%) malignancies. Malignancy was found in 12/52 (23%) clumped lesions and in 13/68 (19%) of non-clumped lesions that showed heterogeneous (5/13, 38%) or homogenous (8/13, 62%) internal enhancement. The PPV of linear NME with clumped internal enhancement (23.1%) was not significantly different from the PPV of non-clumped linear NME (19.1%) (p = 0.597). The PPV of linear NME lesions <1 cm (33.3%) was not significantly different from the PPV of lesions ≥1 cm (18.6%) (p = 0.157).Linear NME showed malignancy in 21% of our series. Linear NME with clumped or non-clumped internal enhancement patterns, regardless of lesion size, might need to undergo MRI-VABB in appropriate populations.Evaluation of linear NME lesions on breast MRI focuses especially on internal enhancement pattern.

    View details for DOI 10.1259/bjr.20201166

    View details for PubMedID 33332980

  • Pretreatment Tattoo Marking of Suspicious Axillary Lymph Nodes: Reliability and Correlation with Sentinel Lymph Node ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY Patel, R., MacKerricher, W., Tsai, J., Choy, N., Lipson, J., Ikeda, D., Pal, S., De Martini, W., Allison, K. H., Wapnir, I. L. 2019; 26 (8): 2452–58

    View details for DOI 10.1245/s10434-019-07419-3

    View details for Web of Science ID 000474357200022

  • The calcified worm sign: Calcification of a breast biopsy marker plug BREAST JOURNAL Patel, V. P., Perez, M. M., Ikeda, D. M. 2019; 25 (4): 739–40

    View details for DOI 10.1111/tbj.13321

    View details for Web of Science ID 000474305600036

  • Radiomics features to identify distinct subtypes of triple-negative breast cancers. Itakura, H., Ikeda, D. M., Okamoto, S., Chen, S., Rister, B., Gude, D., Mattonen, S. A., Alkim, E., Todderud, J., Schueler, E., Rubin, D., Sledge, G. W., Kurian, A. W. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2019

    View details for DOI 10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.3069

    View details for Web of Science ID 000487345805003

  • Pretreatment Tattoo Marking of Suspicious Axillary Lymph Nodes: Reliability and Correlation with Sentinel Lymph Node. Annals of surgical oncology Patel, R., MacKerricher, W., Tsai, J., Choy, N., Lipson, J., Ikeda, D., Pal, S., De Martini, W., Allison, K. H., Wapnir, I. L. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Tattooing is an alternative method for marking biopsied axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) before initiation of treatments for newly diagnosed breast cancer. Detection of black ink-stained nodes is performed under direct visualization at surgery and is combined with sentinel node (SLN) mapping procedures.METHODS: Women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who underwent fine or core-needle biopsy of suspicious ALNs were recruited. The nodal cortex and perinodal soft tissue was injected with 0.1-1.0ml of Spot (GI Supply) black ink under ultrasound guidance. Intraoperatively, black stained nodes were removed along with SLNs, noting concordance between the two.RESULTS: Sixty-six evaluable patients were enrolled (2013-2017). Nineteen received surgery first (Group 1) and 47 neoadjuvant therapy (NAT, Group 2). The average number of nodes tattooed was 1.16 for Group 1 and 1.04 for Group 2. The average interval from tattoo to surgery was 21days (range 1-62) for Group 1 and 148days (range 71-257) for Group 2. The tattooed node(s) were visually identified at surgery and corresponded to the sentinel lymph node(s) in 98.5% of cases (18/19 in Group 1 and 47/47 in Group 2). Of the 14 patients in Group 2 whose nodes remained positive following NAT, the tattooed node was the SLN associated with carcinoma.CONCLUSIONS: Tattooing is an alternative method for marking biopsied ALNs. Tattooed nodes coincided with SLNs in 98.5% of cases. This technique is advantageous, because it allows for fewer procedures and lower costs compared with other methods.

    View details for PubMedID 31087176

  • The calcified worm sign: Calcification of a breast biopsy marker plug. The breast journal Patel, V. P., Perez, M. M., Ikeda, D. M. 2019

    View details for PubMedID 31056817

  • Mucocele-Like Lesions of the Breast on Core Needle Biopsy: an Institutional review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature Ylagan, L., Allison, K., Ikeda, D., Wapnir, I. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2019

    View details for Web of Science ID 000478915500284

  • Mucocele-Like Lesions of the Breast on Core Needle Biopsy: an Institutional review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature Ylagan, L., Allison, K., Ikeda, D., Wapnir, I. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2019

    View details for Web of Science ID 000478081100284

  • High-risk lesions diagnosed at MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy: imaging characteristics, outcome of surgical excision or imaging follow-up. Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) Okamoto, S. n., Chen, S. T., Covelli, J. D., DeMartini, W. B., Daniel, B. L., Ikeda, D. M. 2019

    Abstract

    To evaluate imaging characteristics, outcome of surgical excision or imaging follow-up on high-risk lesions diagnosed at MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (MRI-VABB).We retrospectively reviewed 598 lesions undergoing 9-gauge MRI-VABB from January 2015 to April 2018 to identify high risk breast lesions. We collected patient demographics, breast MRI BI-RADS descriptors, histopathological diagnosis at MRI-VABB and surgical excision, frequency of upgrade to malignancy and imaging follow-up of high-risk lesions. The x2 test and Fisher exact tests were performed for univariate analysis.114 patients with 124/598 findings (20.7%) had high-risk lesions at MRI-VABB, including atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (21/124, 16.9%), lobular neoplasia (40/124, 32.3%), radial scar/complex sclerosing lesion (RS/CSL) (13/124, 10.5%), papillary lesions (49/124, 39.5%), and flat epithelial atypia (FEA) (1/124, 0.8%). 84/124 (67.7%) high-risk lesions were excised. 19/84 (22.6%) were upgraded to malignancy (7 invasive cancer, 12 DCIS). The upgrade rate for ADH and lobular neoplasia was 7/18 (38.9%) and 9/31 (29.0%), respectively. The upgrade rate for RS/CSL was 1/10 (10%). Of the 25 papillary lesions excised, 2 (8%) demonstrated pathologic atypia and were upgraded to DCIS. The other 23 papillary lesions had no upgrade or atypia. Excised high-risk lesions showing upgrade varied from 0.4 to 6 cm in length (mean 1.6 cm). There was a non-significant trend (p = 0.054) between larger lesion and upgrade to malignancy; however, there were no other specific imaging features to predict malignancy upgrade.There were no specific MRI imaging characteristics of high-risk lesions to predict malignancy upgrade. Therefore, surgical excision is recommended for high-risk lesions, especially ADH or lobular neoplasia.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s12282-019-01032-8

    View details for PubMedID 31838725

  • Differentiating benign and malignant inflammatory breast lesions: Value of T2 weighted and diffusion weighted MR images. Magnetic resonance imaging Kanao, S., Kataoka, M., Iima, M., Ikeda, D. M., Toi, M., Togashi, K. 2018; 50: 38–44

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES: Benign and malignant inflammatory breast lesions demonstrate similar findings on both T2 weighted imaging (T2WI) and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images. We hypothesized that benign inflammatory lesions might be differentiated form malignancies using a combination of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values derived from diffusion weighted images (DWI) and T2WI.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 162 patients undergoing breast MRI (T2WI, DWI and DCE images) between 2008 and 2015 who had breast lesions with high T2WI signal intensity (High T2 SI) including 14 benign inflammatory lesions, 69 benign non-inflammatory lesions, 16 malignant inflammatory lesions and 63 malignant non-inflammatory lesions. On the High T2 SI and low T2WI signal intensity (Low T2 SI) areas in these breast lesions, we calculated ADC values from b values of 0 and 1000 s/mm2.RESULTS: The mean ADC values ± standard deviation (10-3 mm2/s) of the High T2 SI areas in benign inflammatory, benign non-inflammatory, malignant inflammatory and malignant non-inflammatory breast lesions were 0.75 ± 0.18, 1.77 ± 0.33, 2.06 ± 0.32 and 1.88 ± 0.41, respectively. Those of the Low T2 SI areas in benign inflammatory, benign non-inflammatory, malignant inflammatory and malignant non-inflammatory lesions were 0.89 ± 0.15, 1.31 ± 0.28, 0.87 ± 0.20 and 0.94 ± 0.27 respectively. ADC values of High T2 SI areas of the benign inflammatory lesions were significantly lower than those of benign non-inflammatory, malignant inflammatory, and malignant non-inflammatory lesions (p < 0.001). ADC values of Low T2 SI areas in benign inflammatory lesions were not significantly different from those of malignant inflammatory (p = 0.99) or malignant non-inflammatory lesions (p = 0.72).CONCLUSION: For breast lesions with High T2 SI, segmenting the High T2 SI for ADC mapping distinguishes benign from malignant inflammatory conditions. Using ADC mapping of the Low T2 SI areas will not result in this distinction.

    View details for PubMedID 29545213

  • Differentiating benign and malignant inflammatory breast lesions: Value of T2 weighted and diffusion weighted MR images MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Kanao, S., Kataoka, M., Iima, M., Ikeda, D., Toi, M., Togashi, K. 2018; 50: 38–44

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mri.2018.03.012

    View details for Web of Science ID 000434750700006

  • Impact of physiological hormonal fluctuations on F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in breast cancer BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT Miyake, K. K., Nakamoto, Y., Saji, S., Sugie, T., Kurihara, K., Kanao, S., Ikeda, D. M., Toi, M., Togashi, K. 2018; 169 (3): 437–46

    Abstract

    Premenopausal physiologic steroid levels change cyclically, in contrast to steady state low levels seen in postmenopausal patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in breast cancer is influenced by physiological hormonal fluctuations.A total of 160 primary invasive breast cancers from 155 females (54 premenopausal, 101 postmenopausal) who underwent 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography before therapy were retrospectively analyzed. The maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of tumors were compared with menstrual phases and menopausal status according to the following subgroups: 'luminal A-like,' 'luminal B-like,' and 'non-luminal.' Additionally, the effect of estradiol (E2) on 18F-FDG uptake in breast cancer cells was evaluated in vitro.Among premenopausal patients, SUVmax during the periovulatory-luteal phase was significantly higher than that during the follicular phase in luminal A-like tumors (n = 25, p = 0.004), while it did not differ between the follicular phase and the periovulatory-luteal phase in luminal B-like (n = 24) and non-luminal tumors (n = 7). Multiple regression analysis showed menstrual phase, tumor size, and Ki-67 index are independent predictors for SUVmax in premenopausal luminal A-like tumors. There were no significant differences in SUVmax between pre- and postmenopausal patients in any of the subgroups. In in vitro studies, uptake in estrogen receptor-positive cells was significantly augmented when E2 concentration was increased from 0.01 to ≥ 1 nM.Our data suggest that 18F-FDG uptake may be impacted by physiological hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle in luminal A-like cancers, and that E2 could be partly responsible for these events.

    View details for PubMedID 29423901

  • Improving Performance of Mammographic Breast Positioning in an Academic Radiology Practice AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Pal, S., Ikeda, D. M., Jesinger, R. A., Mickelsen, L., Chen, C. A., Larson, D. B. 2018; 210 (4): 807–15

    Abstract

    The purpose of this project was to achieve sustained improvement in mammographic breast positioning in our department.Between June 2013 and December 2016, we conducted a team-based performance improvement initiative with the goal of improving mammographic positioning. The team of technologists and radiologists established quantitative measures of positioning performance based on American College of Radiology (ACR) criteria, audited at least 35 mammograms per week for positioning quality, displayed performance in dashboards, provided technologists with positioning training, developed a supportive environment fostering technologist and radiologist communication surrounding mammographic positioning, and employed a mammography positioning coach to develop, improve, and maintain technologist positioning performance. Statistical significance in changes in the percentage of mammograms passing the ACR criteria were evaluated using a two-proportion z test.A baseline mammogram audit performed in June 2013 showed that 67% (82/122) met ACR passing criteria for positioning. Performance improved to 80% (588/739; p < 0.01) after positioning training and technologist and radiologist agreement on positioning criteria. With individual technologist feedback, positioning further improved, with 91% of mammograms passing ACR criteria (p < 0.01). Seven months later, performance temporarily decreased to 80% but improved to 89% with implementation of a positioning coach. The overall mean performance of 91% has been sustained for 23 months. The program cost approximately $30,000 to develop, $42,000 to launch, and $25,000 per year to maintain. Almost all costs were related to personnel time.Dedicated performance improvement methods may achieve significant and sustained improvement in mammographic breast positioning, which may better enable facilities to pass the recently instated Enhancing Quality Using the Inspection Program portion of a practice's annual Mammography Quality Standards Act inspections.

    View details for PubMedID 29412019

  • Association of morphological and quantitative parameters on dedicated breast PET with the expression status of hormone receptors, HER2 and Ki-67 in breast cancers Miyake, K., Ikeda, D., Lagaru, A., Quon, A., Daniel, B., Lipson, J., Pal, S., Mittra, E., Guo, H., Nakamoto, Y., Nishimatsu, K., Kanao, S., Kataoka, M., Togashi, K. SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC. 2017

    View details for Web of Science ID 000404949905057

  • Mammography before and after bariatric surgery SURGERY FOR OBESITY AND RELATED DISEASES Mokhtari, T. E., Rosas, U. S., Downey, J. R., Miyake, K. K., Ikeda, D. M., Morton, J. M. 2017; 13 (3): 451-456

    Abstract

    Morbidly obese women are at increased risk for breast cancer, and the majority of surgical weight-loss patients are older than 40 years old.The purpose of the present study was to determine the technical and interpretive changes in mammography following bariatric surgery.Accredited Academic Hospital.Two breast-imaging radiologists reviewed screening mammograms performed on 10 morbidly obese women undergoing bariatric surgery both pre- and postoperatively. American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS) density, imaging quality measurements, compression force, breast thickness, pectoral nipple line (PNL) length, and x-ray beam kilovoltage (kVp) and miliamperes per second (mAs) were recorded.The average patient age was 56 years old, with mean age at menarche of 13 years old; 70% of patients were postmenopausal (average age 49 years at menopause) and 50% had a family history of breast cancer. There was a significant reduction in both BMI (-13.2 kg/m(2), P<.01) and waist circumference (-32.0 cm, P<.01) following bariatric surgery. There was a significant reduction in breast thickness (-23.8 mm), reduction in PNL length (-1.9 cm), reduction in kVp (-1.2), and reduction in mAs (-16.7) even though there was no compression force change in pre- and postoperative mammograms detected. All breast densities were fatty or scattered though there were more scattered and fewer fatty images after surgery (P = .002).Morbidly obese women can undergo quality mammograms before and after bariatric surgery; however, weight loss after bariatric surgery leads to only slightly denser mammograms. Furthermore, weight loss reduces mammographic radiation doses.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2016.10.021

    View details for Web of Science ID 000398016500015

  • Identifying relations between imaging phenotypes and molecular subtypes of breast cancer: Model discovery and external validation. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI Wu, J., Sun, X., Wang, J., Cui, Y., Kato, F., Shirato, H., Ikeda, D. M., Li, R. 2017

    Abstract

    To determine whether dynamic contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) characteristics of the breast tumor and background parenchyma can distinguish molecular subtypes (ie, luminal A/B or basal) of breast cancer.In all, 84 patients from one institution and 126 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used for discovery and external validation, respectively. Thirty-five quantitative image features were extracted from DCE-MRI (1.5 or 3T) including morphology, texture, and volumetric features, which capture both tumor and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) characteristics. Multiple testing was corrected using the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false-discovery rate (FDR). Sparse logistic regression models were built using the discovery cohort to distinguish each of the three studied molecular subtypes versus the rest, and the models were evaluated in the validation cohort.On univariate analysis in discovery and validation cohorts, two features characterizing tumor and two characterizing BPE were statistically significant in separating luminal A versus nonluminal A cancers; two features characterizing tumor were statistically significant for separating luminal B; one feature characterizing tumor and one characterizing BPE reached statistical significance for distinguishing basal (Wilcoxon P < 0.05, FDR < 0.25). In discovery and validation cohorts, multivariate logistic regression models achieved an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.71 and 0.73 for luminal A cancer, 0.67 and 0.69 for luminal B cancer, and 0.66 and 0.79 for basal cancer, respectively.DCE-MRI characteristics of breast cancer and BPE may potentially be used to distinguish among molecular subtypes of breast cancer.3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.25661

    View details for PubMedID 28177554

  • Milky Way sign: A potential predictive sign of breast cancer on digital breast tomosynthesis Miyake, K. K., Lipson, J. A., Allison, K. H., Xu, Y., Liu, Y. I., Downey, J. R., Ikeda, D. M. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2017

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS16-P3-01-03

    View details for Web of Science ID 000397999001076

  • Unsupervised clustering of quantitative image phenotypes reveals breast cancer subtypes with distinct prognoses and molecular pathways. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research Wu, J., Cui, Y., Sun, X., Cao, G., Li, B., Ikeda, D. M., Kurian, A. W., Li, R. 2017

    Abstract

    To identify novel breast cancer subtypes by extracting quantitative imaging phenotypes of the tumor and surrounding parenchyma, and to elucidate the underlying biological underpinnings and evaluate the prognostic capacity for predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS).We retrospectively analyzed dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data of patients from a single-center discovery cohort (n=60) and an independent multi-center validation cohort (n=96). Quantitative image features were extracted to characterize tumor morphology, intra-tumor heterogeneity of contrast agent wash-in/wash-out patterns, and tumor-surrounding parenchyma enhancement. Based on these image features, we used unsupervised consensus clustering to identify robust imaging subtypes, and evaluated their clinical and biological relevance. We built a gene expression-based classifier of imaging subtypes and tested their prognostic significance in five additional cohorts with publically available gene expression data but without imaging data (n=1160).Three distinct imaging subtypes, i.e., homogeneous intratumoral enhancing, minimal parenchymal enhancing, and prominent parenchymal enhancing, were identified and validated. In the discovery cohort, imaging subtypes stratified patients with significantly different 5-year RFS rates of 79.6%, 65.2%, 52.5% (logrank P=0.025), and remained as an independent predictor after adjusting for clinicopathological factors (hazard ratio=2.79, P=0.016). The prognostic value of imaging subtypes was further validated in five independent gene expression cohorts, with average 5-year RFS rates of 88.1%, 74.0%, 59.5% (logrank P from <0.0001 to 0.008). Each imaging subtype was associated with specific dysregulated molecular pathways that can be therapeutically targeted.Imaging subtypes provide complimentary value to established histopathological or molecular subtypes, and may help stratify breast cancer patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2415

    View details for PubMedID 28073839

  • Heterogeneous Enhancement Patterns of Tumor-adjacent Parenchyma at MR Imaging Are Associated with Dysregulated Signaling Pathways and Poor Survival in Breast Cancer. Radiology Wu, J. n., Li, B. n., Sun, X. n., Cao, G. n., Rubin, D. L., Napel, S. n., Ikeda, D. M., Kurian, A. W., Li, R. n. 2017: 162823

    Abstract

    Purpose To identify the molecular basis of quantitative imaging characteristics of tumor-adjacent parenchyma at dynamic contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to evaluate their prognostic value in breast cancer. Materials and Methods In this institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant study, 10 quantitative imaging features depicting tumor-adjacent parenchymal enhancement patterns were extracted and screened for prognostic features in a discovery cohort of 60 patients. By using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a radiogenomic map for the tumor-adjacent parenchymal tissue was created and molecular pathways associated with prognostic parenchymal imaging features were identified. Furthermore, a multigene signature of the parenchymal imaging feature was built in a training cohort (n = 126), and its prognostic relevance was evaluated in two independent cohorts (n = 879 and 159). Results One image feature measuring heterogeneity (ie, information measure of correlation) was significantly associated with prognosis (false-discovery rate < 0.1), and at a cutoff of 0.57 stratified patients into two groups with different recurrence-free survival rates (log-rank P = .024). The tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway was identified as the top enriched pathway (hypergeometric P < .0001) among genes associated with the image feature. A 73-gene signature based on the tumor profiles in TCGA achieved good association with the tumor-adjacent parenchymal image feature (R(2) = 0.873), which stratified patients into groups regarding recurrence-free survival (log-rank P = .029) and overall survival (log-rank P = .042) in an independent TCGA cohort. The prognostic value was confirmed in another independent cohort (Gene Expression Omnibus GSE 1456), with log-rank P = .00058 for recurrence-free survival and log-rank P = .0026 for overall survival. Conclusion Heterogeneous enhancement patterns of tumor-adjacent parenchyma at MR imaging are associated with the tumor necrosis signaling pathway and poor survival in breast cancer. (©) RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

    View details for PubMedID 28708462

  • Mammography before and after bariatric surgery. Surgery for obesity and related diseases Mokhtari, T. E., Rosas, U. S., Downey, J. R., Miyake, K. K., Ikeda, D. M., Morton, J. M. 2016

    Abstract

    Morbidly obese women are at increased risk for breast cancer, and the majority of surgical weight-loss patients are older than 40 years old.The purpose of the present study was to determine the technical and interpretive changes in mammography following bariatric surgery.Accredited Academic Hospital.Two breast-imaging radiologists reviewed screening mammograms performed on 10 morbidly obese women undergoing bariatric surgery both pre- and postoperatively. American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS) density, imaging quality measurements, compression force, breast thickness, pectoral nipple line (PNL) length, and x-ray beam kilovoltage (kVp) and miliamperes per second (mAs) were recorded.The average patient age was 56 years old, with mean age at menarche of 13 years old; 70% of patients were postmenopausal (average age 49 years at menopause) and 50% had a family history of breast cancer. There was a significant reduction in both BMI (-13.2 kg/m(2), P<.01) and waist circumference (-32.0 cm, P<.01) following bariatric surgery. There was a significant reduction in breast thickness (-23.8 mm), reduction in PNL length (-1.9 cm), reduction in kVp (-1.2), and reduction in mAs (-16.7) even though there was no compression force change in pre- and postoperative mammograms detected. All breast densities were fatty or scattered though there were more scattered and fewer fatty images after surgery (P = .002).Morbidly obese women can undergo quality mammograms before and after bariatric surgery; however, weight loss after bariatric surgery leads to only slightly denser mammograms. Furthermore, weight loss reduces mammographic radiation doses.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2016.10.021

    View details for PubMedID 27986574

  • Impact of Breast Density Legislation on Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Supplemental Screening: A Survey of 110 Radiology Facilities. breast journal Nayak, L., Miyake, K. K., Leung, J. W., Price, E. R., Liu, Y. I., Joe, B. N., Sickles, E. A., Thomas, W. R., Lipson, J. A., Daniel, B. L., Hargreaves, J., Brenner, R. J., Bassett, L. W., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Lindfors, K. K., Feig, S. A., Ikeda, D. M. 2016; 22 (5): 493-500

    Abstract

    Breast density notification laws, passed in 19 states as of October 2014, mandate that patients be informed of their breast density. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of this legislation on radiology practices, including performance of breast cancer risk assessment and supplemental screening studies. A 20-question anonymous web-based survey was emailed to radiologists in the Society of Breast Imaging between August 2013 and March 2014. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Around 121 radiologists from 110 facilities in 34 USA states and 1 Canadian site responded. About 50% (55/110) of facilities had breast density legislation, 36% of facilities (39/109) performed breast cancer risk assessment (one facility did not respond). Risk assessment was performed as a new task in response to density legislation in 40% (6/15) of facilities in states with notification laws. However, there was no significant difference in performing risk assessment between facilities in states with a law and those without (p < 0.831). In anticipation of breast density legislation, 33% (16/48), 6% (3/48), and 6% (3/48) of facilities in states with laws implemented handheld whole breast ultrasound (WBUS), automated WBUS, and tomosynthesis, respectively. The ratio of facilities offering handheld WBUS was significantly higher in states with a law than in states without (p < 0.001). In response to breast density legislation, more than 33% of facilities are offering supplemental screening with WBUS and tomosynthesis, and many are performing formal risk assessment for determining patient management.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/tbj.12624

    View details for PubMedID 27296462

  • Five-year results of a prospective clinical trial investigating accelerated partial breast irradiation using 3D conformal radiotherapy after lumpectomy for early stage breast cancer BREAST Horst, K. C., Fasola, C., Ikeda, D., Daniel, B., Ognibene, G., Goffinet, D. R., Dirbas, F. M. 2016; 28: 178-183

    Abstract

    Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is emerging as an alternative to whole-breast irradiation. This study presents the results of a prospective trial evaluating 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) to deliver APBI for early-stage breast cancer.Patients with unifocal stage 0-II breast cancer measuring ≤2.5 cm without lymph node involvement were eligible. After lumpectomy, 3D-CRT APBI was delivered to the lumpectomy cavity + margin (34-38.5 Gy in 10 fractions over 5 days).141 patients with 143 breast cancers (2 bilateral) were treated with 3D-CRT APBI. Median age was 60. Median tumor size was 1.1 cm. At a median follow up of 60 months (range, 5-113), the 5-year and 8-year cumulative incidence rate of a true recurrence is 0.9%. The 5-year and 8-year cumulative incidence rates of an elsewhere failure are 2.4% and 4.4%, respectively. The 5-year and 8-year overall survival is 100% and 94%, respectively. Among the 62 patients with follow up >5 years, 95% had excellent/good cosmetic results.Our experience with 3D-CRT APBI demonstrates excellent cosmesis and local control. Longer follow up will be necessary to evaluate long-term efficacy and toxicity of 3D-CRT APBI. CLINICALTRIALS.NCT00185744.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.breast.2016.06.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000379683300027

    View details for PubMedID 27322859

  • CT-Guided Wire Localization for Involved Axillary Lymph Nodes After Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Initially Node-Positive Breast Cancer BREAST JOURNAL Long Trinh, L., Miyake, K. K., Dirbas, F. M., Kothary, N., Horst, K. C., Lipson, J. A., Carpenter, C., Thompson, A. C., Ikeda, D. M. 2016; 22 (4): 390-396

    Abstract

    Resection of biopsy-proven involved axillary lymph nodes (iALNs) is important to reduce the false-negative rates of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with initially node-positive breast cancer. Preoperative wire localization for iALNs marked with clips placed during biopsy is a technique that may help the removal of iALNs after NAC. However, ultrasound (US)-guided localization is often difficult because the clips cannot always be reliably visible on US. Computed tomography (CT)-guided wire localization can be used; however, to date there have been no reports on CT-guided wire localization for iALNs. The aim of this study was to describe a series of patients who received CT-guided wire localization for iALN removal after NAC and to evaluate the feasibility of this technique. We retrospectively analyzed five women with initially node-positive breast cancer (age, 41-52 years) who were scheduled for SLN biopsy after NAC and received preoperative CT-guided wire localization for iALNs. CT visualized all the clips that were not identified on post-NAC US. The wire tip was deployed beyond or at the target, with the shortest distance between the wire and the index clip ranging from 0 to 2.5 mm. The total procedure time was 21-38 minutes with good patient tolerance and no complications. In four of five cases, CT wire localization aided in identification and resection of iALNs that were not identified with lymphatic mapping. Residual nodal disease was confirmed in two cases: both had residual disease in wire-localized lymph nodes in addition to SLNs. Although further studies with more cases are required, our results suggest that CT-guided wire localization for iALNs is a feasible technique that facilitates identification and removal of the iALNs as part of SLN biopsy after NAC in situations where US localization is unsuccessful.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/tbj.12597

    View details for PubMedID 27061012

  • The Milky Way Sign: A New Diagnostic Finding of Ductal Carcinoma in situ on Digital Breast Tomosynthesis BREAST JOURNAL Xu, Y., Miyake, K. K., Liu, Y. I., Downey, J. R., Lipson, J. A., Allison, K. H., Ikeda, D. M. 2016; 22 (3): 349-351

    View details for DOI 10.1111/tbj.12583

    View details for PubMedID 26932582

  • Breast Imaging in Women Previously Irradiated for Hodgkin Lymphoma. American journal of clinical oncology Horst, K. C., Fero, K. E., Hancock, S. L., Advani, R. H., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B., Rosenberg, S. A., Donaldson, S. S., Hoppe, R. T. 2016; 39 (2): 114-119

    Abstract

    Women treated with mantle irradiation for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer (BC). Current guidelines recommend screening breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an adjunct to mammography (M) in these patients. There are limited data, however, as to the impact of breast MRI on cancer detection rates. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the use of breast MRI in survivors of HL treated and followed at a single institution.We retrospectively reviewed 980 female patients treated with mantle irradiation for HL between 1961 and 2008. Records were reviewed to determine age at radiotherapy treatment, radiotherapy dose, breast imaging (including M and breast MRI), biopsy results if applicable, and incidence of BC.A total of 118 patients had breast imaging performed at our institution. Median age at HL diagnosis was 28 years (range, 10 to 69 y). Median radiotherapy dose was 36 Gy (range, 20 to 45 Gy). Seventy-nine patients (67%) underwent M screening only, 1 (1%) breast MRI only, and 38 (32%) both M and breast MRI. Of these 38, 19 (50%) underwent 54 screening MRI studies (range per patient=1 to 8), 13 (34%) underwent preoperative MRI for workup of BC, and 6 (16%) initiated screening MRI of the contralateral breast only after diagnosed with BC. Fifty-nine biopsies were performed: 47 were prompted by suspicious M findings only, 10 by palpable findings on physical examination (PE), and 2 by suspicious breast MRI findings. Of the 47 biopsies prompted by M, 24 revealed malignant disease, whereas 23 proved to be benign. All 10 biopsies performed by palpation were malignant. Both biopsies prompted by MRI findings were benign. With M, there were 34 true-positive findings in 32 patients, 23 false-positive findings, and 1 false-negative finding. With screening MRI, there were 2 false-positive findings, 1 false-negative finding, and no true-positive findings.The role of screening breast MRI in women previously irradiated for HL is evolving. Further education of patients and physicians is important to increase awareness of more sensitive BC screening modalities in this high-risk population. Future studies are necessary to determine the appropriate integration of screening breast MRI into the ongoing follow-up of these women.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/COC.0000000000000025

    View details for PubMedID 24390271

  • A technique for preoperative axillary lymph node tattooing in patients with breast cancer Wapnir, I. L., Downey, J. R., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2016

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS15-P3-01-17

    View details for Web of Science ID 000375622402180

  • A case series of the Milky Way sign: A diagnostic finding of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast carcinoma (IDC) on digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) Allison, K., Xu, Y., Liu, Y. I., Miyake, K. K., Downey, J. R., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2016

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS15-P4-01-01

    View details for Web of Science ID 000375622400190

  • Improving the quality of mammographic positioning Chen, C. A., Strain, A., Mickelsen, J. L., Larson, D. A., Jesinger, R. A., Botelho, D., Fromholz, S., Obi, C. N., Crawley, A., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M., Cooper, C., Pal, S. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2016

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS15-P4-01-05

    View details for Web of Science ID 000375622400194

  • Assessment of Tumor Morphology on Diffusion- Weighted (DWI) Breast MRI: Diagnostic Value of Reduced Field of View DWI JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Barentsz, M. W., Taviani, V., Chang, J. M., Ikeda, D. M., Miyake, K. K., Banerjee, S., Van den Bosch, M. A., Hargreaves, B. A., Daniel, B. L. 2015; 42 (6): 1656-1665

    Abstract

    To compare the diagnostic value of conventional, bilateral diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and high-resolution targeted DWI of known breast lesions.Twenty-one consecutive patients with known breast cancer or suspicious breast lesions were scanned with the conventional bilateral DWI technique, a high-resolution, reduced field of view (rFOV) DWI technique, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) (3.0 T). We compared bilateral DWI and rFOV DWI quantitatively by measuring the lesions' apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. For qualitative comparison, three dedicated breast radiologists scored image quality and performed lesion interpretation.In a phantom, ADC values were in good agreement with the reference values. Twenty-one patients (30 lesions: 14 invasive carcinomas, 10 benign lesions [of which 5 cysts], 3 high-risk, and 3 in situ carcinomas) were included. Cysts and high-risk lesions were excluded from the quantitative analysis. Quantitatively, both bilateral and rFOV DWI measured lower ADC values in invasive tumors than other lesions. In vivo, rFOV DWI gave lower ADC values than bilateral DWI (1.11 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s vs. 1.24 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s, P = 0.002). Regions of interest (ROIs) were comparable in size between the two techniques (2.90 vs. 2.13 cm(2) , P = 0.721). Qualitatively, all three radiologists scored sharpness of rFOV DWI images as significantly higher than bilateral DWI (P ≤ 0.002). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a higher area under the curve (AUC) in BI-RADS classification for rFOV DWI compared to bilateral DWI (0.71 to 0.93 vs. 0.61 to 0.76, respectively).Tumor morphology can be assessed in more detail with high-resolution DWI (rFOV) than with standard bilateral DWI by providing significantly sharper images. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.24929

    View details for Web of Science ID 000368258100022

  • Assessment of tumor morphology on diffusion-weighted (DWI) breast MRI: Diagnostic value of reduced field of view DWI. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging Barentsz, M. W., Taviani, V., Chang, J. M., Ikeda, D. M., Miyake, K. K., Banerjee, S., Van den Bosch, M. A., Hargreaves, B. A., Daniel, B. L. 2015; 42 (6): 1656-1665

    Abstract

    To compare the diagnostic value of conventional, bilateral diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and high-resolution targeted DWI of known breast lesions.Twenty-one consecutive patients with known breast cancer or suspicious breast lesions were scanned with the conventional bilateral DWI technique, a high-resolution, reduced field of view (rFOV) DWI technique, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) (3.0 T). We compared bilateral DWI and rFOV DWI quantitatively by measuring the lesions' apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. For qualitative comparison, three dedicated breast radiologists scored image quality and performed lesion interpretation.In a phantom, ADC values were in good agreement with the reference values. Twenty-one patients (30 lesions: 14 invasive carcinomas, 10 benign lesions [of which 5 cysts], 3 high-risk, and 3 in situ carcinomas) were included. Cysts and high-risk lesions were excluded from the quantitative analysis. Quantitatively, both bilateral and rFOV DWI measured lower ADC values in invasive tumors than other lesions. In vivo, rFOV DWI gave lower ADC values than bilateral DWI (1.11 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s vs. 1.24 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s, P = 0.002). Regions of interest (ROIs) were comparable in size between the two techniques (2.90 vs. 2.13 cm(2) , P = 0.721). Qualitatively, all three radiologists scored sharpness of rFOV DWI images as significantly higher than bilateral DWI (P ≤ 0.002). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a higher area under the curve (AUC) in BI-RADS classification for rFOV DWI compared to bilateral DWI (0.71 to 0.93 vs. 0.61 to 0.76, respectively).Tumor morphology can be assessed in more detail with high-resolution DWI (rFOV) than with standard bilateral DWI by providing significantly sharper images. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.24929

    View details for PubMedID 25914178

  • Correlation of percutaneously biopsied axillary lymph nodes marked with black tattoo ink prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients Choy, N., Lipson, J., Pal, S., Ikeda, D., Trinh, L., Allison, K., Ozawa, M., Wheeler, A., Wapnir, I. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2015

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS14-P2-01-05

    View details for Web of Science ID 000356730201074

  • Impact of breast density notification laws on radiology practices: A survey of 110 radiology facilities Nayak, L., Miyake, K. K., Liu, Y., Thomas, W. R., Sickles, E. A., Joe, B. N., Lindfors, K., Brenner, R. J., Feig, S., Bassett, L. W., Leung, J. W., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Hargreaves, J., Price, E., Lipson, J. A., Kurian, A. W., Love, E., Walgenbach, D. D., Ryan, L., Durbin, M., Daniel, B. L., Garcia, L., Ikeda, D. M. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2015

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS14-P3-02-02

    View details for Web of Science ID 000356730201253

  • Patient awareness of breast density and interest in supplemental screening tests: comparison of an academic facility and a county hospital. Journal of the American College of Radiology Trinh, L., Ikeda, D. M., Miyake, K. K., Trinh, J., Lee, K. K., Dave, H., Hanafusa, K., Lipson, J. 2015; 12 (3): 249-255

    Abstract

    The aim of this study was to measure women's knowledge of breast density and their attitudes toward supplemental screening tests in the setting of the California Breast Density Notification Law at an academic facility and a county hospital, serving women with higher and lower socioeconomic status, respectively.Institutional review board exemptions were obtained. A survey was administered during screening mammography at two facilities, assessing women's awareness of and interest in knowing their breast density and interest in and willingness to pay for supplemental whole breast ultrasound and contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CEMG). The results were compared by using Fisher exact tests between groups.A total of 105 of 130 and 132 of 153 women responded to the survey at the academic and county facilities, respectively. Among respondents at the academic and county facilities, 23% and 5% were aware of their breast density, and 94% and 79% wanted to know their density. A majority were interested in supplemental ultrasonography and CEMG at both sites; however, fewer women had a willingness to pay for the supplemental tests at the county hospital compared with those at the academic facility (22% and 70%, respectively, for ultrasound, P < .0001; 20% and 65%, respectively, for CEMG, P < .0001).Both groups of women were interested in knowing their breast density and in supplemental screening tests. However, women at the county hospital were less willing to incur out-of-pocket expenses, suggesting a potential for a disparity in health care access for women of lower socioeconomic status after the enactment of breast density notification legislation.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacr.2014.10.027

    View details for PubMedID 25743922

  • Rim Sign in Breast Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Usefulness JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Kang, B. J., Lipson, J. A., Planey, K. R., Zackrisson, S., Ikeda, D. M., Kao, J., Pal, S., Moran, C. J., Daniel, B. L. 2015; 41 (3): 616-623

    Abstract

    To investigate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness of the rim sign in breast lesions observed in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI).The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 98 pathologically confirmed lesions (62 malignant and 36 benign) in 84 patients were included. Five breast radiologists were asked to independently review the breast MRI results, to grade the degree of high peripheral signal, the "rim sign," in the DWI, and to confirm the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmean ) values. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy and compared the consensus (when ≥4 of 5 independent reviewers agreed) results of the rim sign with the ADCmean values. Additionally, we evaluated the correlation between the dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI morphologic appearance and DWI rim sign.According to the consensus results, the rim sign in DWI was observed on 59.7% of malignant lesions and 19.4% of benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) value for the rim sign in DWI were 59.7%, 80.6%, and 0.701, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC value for the ADCmean value (criteria ≤1.46 × 10(-3) mm(2) /sec) were 82.3%, 63.9%, and 0.731, respectively. Based on consensus, no correlation was observed between the DCE-MRI and DWI rim signs.In DWI, a high-signal rim is a valuable morphological feature for improving specificity in DWI.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.24617

    View details for Web of Science ID 000349967700006

    View details for PubMedID 24585455

  • Initial results with preoperative tattooing of biopsied axillary lymph nodes and correlation to sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. Annals of surgical oncology Choy, N., Lipson, J., Porter, C., Ozawa, M., Kieryn, A., Pal, S., Kao, J., Trinh, L., Wheeler, A., Ikeda, D., Jensen, K., Allison, K., Wapnir, I. 2015; 22 (2): 377-382

    Abstract

    Pretreatment evaluation of axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) and marking of biopsied nodes in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer is becoming routine practice. We sought to test tattooing of biopsied ALNs with a sterile black carbon suspension (Spot™). The intraoperative success of identifying tattooed ALNs and their concordance to sentinel nodes was determined.Women with suspicious ALNs and newly diagnosed breast cancer underwent palpation and/or ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy, followed by injection of 0.1 to 0.5 ml of Spot™ ink into the cortex of ALNs and adjacent soft tissue. Group I underwent surgery first, and group II underwent neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery. Identification of black pigment and concordance between sentinel and tattooed nodes was evaluated.Twenty-eight patients were tattooed, 16 in group I and 12 in group II. Seventeen cases had evidence of atypia or metastases, 8 (50 %) in group I and 9 (75 %) in group II. Average number of days from tattooing to surgery was 22.9 (group I) and 130 (group II). Black tattoo ink was visualized intraoperatively in all cases, except one case with microscopic black pigment only. Fourteen group I and 10 group II patients had black pigment on histological examination of ALNs. Sentinel nodes corresponded to tattooed nodes in all except one group I patient with a tattooed non-sentinel node.Tattooed nodes are visible intraoperatively, even months later. This approach obviates the need for additional localization procedures during axillary staging.

    View details for DOI 10.1245/s10434-014-4034-6

    View details for PubMedID 25164040

  • X-ray-Induced Shortwave Infrared Biomedical Imaging Using Rare-Earth Nanoprobes. Nano letters Naczynski, D. J., Sun, C., Türkcan, S., Jenkins, C., Koh, A. L., Ikeda, D., Pratx, G., Xing, L. 2015; 15 (1): 96-102

    Abstract

    Shortwave infrared (SWIR or NIR-II) light provides significant advantages for imaging biological structures due to reduced autofluorescence and photon scattering. Here, we report on the development of rare-earth nanoprobes that exhibit SWIR luminescence following X-ray irradiation. We demonstrate the ability of X-ray-induced SWIR luminescence (X-IR) to monitor biodistribution and map lymphatic drainage. Our results indicate X-IR imaging is a promising new modality for preclinical applications and has potential for dual-modality molecular disease imaging.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/nl504123r

    View details for PubMedID 25485705

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4296927

  • Factors Associated with Repetitive Strain, and Strategies to Reduce Injury Among Breast-Imaging Radiologists JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGY Thompson, A. C., Prill, M. J., Biswal, S., Rebner, M., Rebner, R. E., Thomas, W. R., Edwards, S. D., Thompson, M. O., Ikeda, D. M. 2014; 11 (11): 1074-1079

    Abstract

    To investigate the prevalence of repetitive strain injury (RSI) among breast-imaging radiologists, the factors associated with such symptoms, and strategies to reduce injury.In 2012, an anonymous survey regarding RSI and work habits was administered to 2,618 physician members of the Society of Breast Imaging via e-mail. Analysis of 727 (27.8%) de-identified responses was completed using STATA 12.1. Pain levels before and after implementation of digital imaging were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The associations between RSI symptoms and work habits were assessed with logistic regression and test for trend.In the survey 438 of 727 (60.2%) respondents reported RSI symptoms, and 242 of 727 (33.3%) reported prior diagnosis/treatment. Results showed a statistically significant trend for the odds of RSI symptoms to increase with decreasing age (P = .0004) or increasing number of daily hours spent working (P = .0006), especially in an awkward position (P < .0001). Respondents recalled a significant increase in pain level after implementation of PACS, and a decrease in pain after ergonomic training or initiating use of an ergonomic mouse, adjustable chair, or adjustable table (P < .001, all comparisons). Only 17.7% (129 of 727) used an ergonomic mouse and 13.3% (97 of 727) had attended ergonomic training. Those with RSI symptoms or prior diagnosis of a Repetitive Strain Syndrome (RSS) were more likely to desire future ergonomic training compared with those without symptoms or injury (odds ratio 5.36, P < .001; odds ratio 2.63, P = .001, respectively).RSI is highly prevalent among breast-imaging radiologists nationwide and may worsen after implementation of PACS or with longer work hours. Ergonomic training and ergonomic devices may diminish or prevent painful RSI among radiologists.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacr.2014.07.009

    View details for Web of Science ID 000344834800017

  • Factors associated with repetitive strain, and strategies to reduce injury among breast-imaging radiologists. Journal of the American College of Radiology Thompson, A. C., Kremer Prill, M. J., Biswal, S., Rebner, M., Rebner, R. E., Thomas, W. R., Edwards, S. D., Thompson, M. O., Ikeda, D. M. 2014; 11 (11): 1074-1079

    Abstract

    To investigate the prevalence of repetitive strain injury (RSI) among breast-imaging radiologists, the factors associated with such symptoms, and strategies to reduce injury.In 2012, an anonymous survey regarding RSI and work habits was administered to 2,618 physician members of the Society of Breast Imaging via e-mail. Analysis of 727 (27.8%) de-identified responses was completed using STATA 12.1. Pain levels before and after implementation of digital imaging were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The associations between RSI symptoms and work habits were assessed with logistic regression and test for trend.In the survey 438 of 727 (60.2%) respondents reported RSI symptoms, and 242 of 727 (33.3%) reported prior diagnosis/treatment. Results showed a statistically significant trend for the odds of RSI symptoms to increase with decreasing age (P = .0004) or increasing number of daily hours spent working (P = .0006), especially in an awkward position (P < .0001). Respondents recalled a significant increase in pain level after implementation of PACS, and a decrease in pain after ergonomic training or initiating use of an ergonomic mouse, adjustable chair, or adjustable table (P < .001, all comparisons). Only 17.7% (129 of 727) used an ergonomic mouse and 13.3% (97 of 727) had attended ergonomic training. Those with RSI symptoms or prior diagnosis of a Repetitive Strain Syndrome (RSS) were more likely to desire future ergonomic training compared with those without symptoms or injury (odds ratio 5.36, P < .001; odds ratio 2.63, P = .001, respectively).RSI is highly prevalent among breast-imaging radiologists nationwide and may worsen after implementation of PACS or with longer work hours. Ergonomic training and ergonomic devices may diminish or prevent painful RSI among radiologists.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacr.2014.07.009

    View details for PubMedID 25156201

  • Breast magnetic resonance imaging alters patient selection for accelerated partial breast irradiation. American journal of clinical oncology Horst, K. C., Ikeda, D. M., Fero, K. E., Daniel, B. L., Goffinet, D. R., Dirbas, F. M. 2014; 37 (3): 248-254

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES:: To determine whether pretreatment contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alters patient selection for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Women aged 40 years or older with unifocal invasive or intraductal carcinoma ≤2.5 cm on physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound (US) were evaluated with breast MRI before enrollment on an APBI trial using single-fraction intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) or fractionated 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Abnormal MRI findings were evaluated with US-guided or MRI-guided biopsy. RESULTS:: Between December 2002 and March 2005, 51 women (median age=61 y; range, 40 to 83 y) who met inclusion criteria underwent breast MRI before APBI. MRI demonstrated limited disease in 41 patients (80.4%): 34 received APBI using IORT (22) or 3DCRT (12), whereas 7 elected standard whole-breast radiotherapy. Ten of the 51 patients (19.6%) had indeterminate or suspicious enhancement patterns on MRI. Five of these 10 (9.8% of MRI cohort) underwent US-guided or MRI-guided biopsy revealing normal breast tissue without atypia: 3 were treated with APBI using IORT (5.9% of MRI cohort) and 2 underwent standard breast conservation therapy (3.9% of MRI cohort). The remaining 5 patients (9.8% of MRI cohort) had MRI findings revealing previously unsuspected pectoral fascia involvement (1), multifocal disease (3), or multicentric disease (1): 2 were treated with standard breast conservation therapy, whereas 3 underwent mastectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS:: Pretreatment breast MRI altered patient selection for APBI by identifying additional disease in 9.8% of the candidates, all of whom fit into the "cautionary" or "unsuitable" categories as defined by the American Society for Radiation Oncology APBI consensus guidelines. The clinical significance of these findings will be clarified with the results of ongoing randomized trials of APBI that do not incorporate breast MRI as part of the selection criteria.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/COC.0b013e318277d7c8

    View details for PubMedID 23275271

  • Breast Density Categorization Creep Response RADIOLOGY Price, E. R., Hargreaves, J., Lipson, J. A., Sickles, E. A., Brenner, J., Lindfors, K. K., Joe, B. N., Leung, J. T., Feig, S. A., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Kurian, L. W., Love, E., Ryan, L., Ikeda, D. M. 2014; 271 (3): 927–28

    View details for Web of Science ID 000336894600041

    View details for PubMedID 24687721

  • Response. Radiology Price, E. R., Hargreaves, J., Lipson, J. A., Sickles, E. A., Brenner, R. J., Lindfors, K. K., Joe, B. N., Leung, J. W., Feig, S. A., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Kurian, A. W., Love, E., Ryan, L., Ikeda, D. M. 2014; 271 (3): 927-928

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.14144013

    View details for PubMedID 24848959

  • Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Alters Patient Selection for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY-CANCER CLINICAL TRIALS Horst, K. C., Ikeda, D. M., Fero, K. E., Daniel, B. L., Goffinet, D. R., Dirbas, F. M. 2014; 37 (3): 248-254

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES:: To determine whether pretreatment contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alters patient selection for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Women aged 40 years or older with unifocal invasive or intraductal carcinoma ≤2.5 cm on physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound (US) were evaluated with breast MRI before enrollment on an APBI trial using single-fraction intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) or fractionated 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Abnormal MRI findings were evaluated with US-guided or MRI-guided biopsy. RESULTS:: Between December 2002 and March 2005, 51 women (median age=61 y; range, 40 to 83 y) who met inclusion criteria underwent breast MRI before APBI. MRI demonstrated limited disease in 41 patients (80.4%): 34 received APBI using IORT (22) or 3DCRT (12), whereas 7 elected standard whole-breast radiotherapy. Ten of the 51 patients (19.6%) had indeterminate or suspicious enhancement patterns on MRI. Five of these 10 (9.8% of MRI cohort) underwent US-guided or MRI-guided biopsy revealing normal breast tissue without atypia: 3 were treated with APBI using IORT (5.9% of MRI cohort) and 2 underwent standard breast conservation therapy (3.9% of MRI cohort). The remaining 5 patients (9.8% of MRI cohort) had MRI findings revealing previously unsuspected pectoral fascia involvement (1), multifocal disease (3), or multicentric disease (1): 2 were treated with standard breast conservation therapy, whereas 3 underwent mastectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS:: Pretreatment breast MRI altered patient selection for APBI by identifying additional disease in 9.8% of the candidates, all of whom fit into the "cautionary" or "unsuitable" categories as defined by the American Society for Radiation Oncology APBI consensus guidelines. The clinical significance of these findings will be clarified with the results of ongoing randomized trials of APBI that do not incorporate breast MRI as part of the selection criteria.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/COC.0b013e318277d7c8

    View details for Web of Science ID 000336958200006

  • Initial Results With Black Ink Tattooing of Biopsied Axillary Lymph Nodes Choy, N. S., Lipson, J., Kieryn, A., Porter, C., Ikeda, D., Pal, S., Trinh, L., Ozawa, M., Allison, K., Jensen, K., Wapnir, I. SPRINGER. 2014: 35–36

    View details for Web of Science ID 000334211800041

  • 3D T2-Weighted Spin Echo Imaging in the Breast JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Moran, C. J., Hargreaves, B. A., Saranathan, M., Lipson, J. A., Kao, J., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L. 2014; 39 (2): 332-338

    Abstract

    PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of 2D versus 3D T2-weighted spin echo imaging in the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2D and 3D T2-weighted images were acquired in 25 patients as part of a clinically indicated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam. Lesion-to-fibroglandular tissue signal ratio was measured in 16 identified lesions. Clarity of lesion morphology was assessed through a blinded review by three radiologists. Instances demonstrating the potential diagnostic contribution of 3D versus 2D T2-weighted imaging in the breast were noted through unblinded review by a fourth radiologist. RESULTS: The lesion-to-fibroglandular tissue signal ratio was well correlated between 2D and 3D T2-weighted images (R(2)  = 0.93). Clarity of lesion morphology was significantly better with 3D T2-weighted imaging for all observers based on a McNemar test (P ≤ 0.02, P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.03). Instances indicating the potential diagnostic contribution of 3D T2-weighted imaging included improved depiction of signal intensity and improved alignment between DCE and T2-weighted findings. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, 3D T2-weighted imaging provided comparable contrast and improved depiction of lesion morphology in the breast in comparison to 2D T2-weighted imaging. Based on these results further investigation to determine the diagnostic impact of 3D T2-weighted imaging in breast MRI is warranted.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;00:000-000. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.24151

    View details for Web of Science ID 000329753400011

    View details for PubMedID 23596017

  • Impact of California breast density notification law SB 1538 on California women and their health care providers Ikeda, D. M., Thomas, W. R., Joe, B. N., Lindfors, K., Brenner, R. J., Feig, S., Bassett, L. W., Leung, J. W., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Hargreaves, J., Price, E., Lipson, J., Kurian, A. W., Love, E., Walgenbach, D. D., Ryan, L., Durbin, M., Daniel, B. L., Nayak, L., Sickles, E. A. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2013

    View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS13-P2-01-01

    View details for Web of Science ID 000209496900270

  • Why Are Patients Noncompliant With Follow-Up Recommendations After MRI-Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Suspicious Breast Lesions? AJR. American journal of roentgenology Thompson, M. O., Lipson, J., Daniel, B., Harrigal, C., Mullarkey, P., Pal, S., Thompson, A. C., Ikeda, D. 2013; 201 (6): 1391-1400

    Abstract

    The objective of this study was to investigate patient and breast MRI characteristics associated with noncompliance with recommended follow-up after MRI-guided core needle biopsy of suspicious breast lesions.A retrospective review was performed of 576 breast lesions biopsied under MRI guidance between 2007 and 2010. Patient follow-up was obtained from the medical record and from contact with referring physicians.Of 415 women who underwent 576 MRI-guided core needle biopsies for suspicious breast lesions, 123 (29.6%) patients representing 154 of 576 (26.7%) lesions were noncompliant with recommended excision or 6-month MRI follow-up. Referring physicians provided information for 63% (97/154) of lesions in noncompliant patients, of which 49.5% (48/97) were followed by mammography instead of excision or MRI. Noncompliance with MRI follow-up was significantly associated with referral for biopsy by outside hospital physicians (odds ratio [OR], 2.40; p = 0.0001) and with referral for screening MRI (1.46; p = 0.093) and biopsy of a focus or foci lesion (1.63; p = 0.088). Among 178 lesions in patients compliant with follow-up MRI after MRI-guided core needle biopsy, 7.9% (14/178) had abnormal follow-up MRI results, half of which (3.9%, 7/178) were found on repeat biopsy to be high-risk or malignant.Institutions performing MRI-guided core biopsies should be aware that patients referred from outside institutions are more likely to be noncompliant with recommended follow-up. Strategies to improve follow-up should include educating patients on the difference between mammography and MRI follow-up.

    View details for DOI 10.2214/AJR.12.10282

    View details for PubMedID 24261382

  • The california breast density information group: a collaborative response to the issues of breast density, breast cancer risk, and breast density notification legislation. Radiology Price, E. R., Hargreaves, J., Lipson, J. A., Sickles, E. A., Brenner, R. J., Lindfors, K. K., Joe, B. N., Leung, J. W., Feig, S. A., Bassett, L. W., Ojeda-Fournier, H., Daniel, B. L., Kurian, A. W., Love, E., Ryan, L., Walgenbach, D. D., Ikeda, D. M. 2013; 269 (3): 887-892

    Abstract

    In anticipation of breast density notification legislation in the state of California, which would require notification of women with heterogeneously and extremely dense breast tissue, a working group of breast imagers and breast cancer risk specialists was formed to provide a common response framework. The California Breast Density Information Group identified key elements and implications of the law, researching scientific evidence needed to develop a robust response. In particular, issues of risk associated with dense breast tissue, masking of cancers by dense tissue on mammograms, and the efficacy, benefits, and harms of supplementary screening tests were studied and consensus reached. National guidelines and peer-reviewed published literature were used to recommend that women with dense breast tissue at screening mammography follow supplemental screening guidelines based on breast cancer risk assessment. The goal of developing educational materials for referring clinicians and patients was reached with the construction of an easily accessible Web site that contains information about breast density, breast cancer risk assessment, and supplementary imaging. This multi-institutional, multidisciplinary approach may be useful for organizations to frame responses as similar legislation is passed across the United States. © RSNA, 2013 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.13131217

    View details for PubMedID 24023072

  • Image quality and diagnostic performance of silicone-specific breast MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging Kim, S. H., Lipson, J. A., Moran, C. J., Shimakawa, A., Kuo, J., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L. 2013; 31 (9): 1472-1478

    Abstract

    To compare the image quality of three techniques and diagnostic performance in detecting implant rupture.The study included 161 implants for the evaluation of image quality, composed of water-saturated short TI inversion recovery (herein called "water-sat STIR"), three-point Dixon techniques (herein called "Dixon"), and short TI inversion recovery fast spin-echo with iterative decomposition of silicone and water using least-squares approximation (herein called "STIR IDEAL") and included 41 implants for the evaluation of diagnostic performance in detecting rupture, composed of water-sat STIR and STIR IDEAL. Six image quality categories were evaluated and three classifications were used: normal implant, possible rupture, and definite rupture.Statistically significant differences were noted for the image quality categories (p<0.001). STIR IDEAL was superior or equal to water-sat STIR in all image quality categories except artifact effects and superior to Dixon in all categories. Water-sat STIR performed the poorest for water suppression uniformity. The sensitivity and specificity in detecting implant rupture of STIR-IDEAL were 81.8 % and 77.8 % and the difference between two techniques was not statistically significant.STIR-IDEAL is a useful silicone-specific imaging technique demonstrating more robust water suppression and equivalent diagnostic accuracy for detecting implant rupture, than water-sat STIR, at the cost of longer scan time and an increase in minor motion artifacts.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mri.2013.05.011

    View details for PubMedID 23895871

  • Defining an optimal role for breast magnetic resonance imaging when evaluating patients otherwise eligible for accelerated partial breast irradiation. Radiotherapy and oncology Horst, K. C., Fero, K. E., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L., Dirbas, F. M. 2013; 108 (2): 220-225

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pre-treatment breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a cohort of women prospectively evaluated for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) are reviewed and characterized to determine the optimal use of MRI in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Candidates initially deemed eligible for a prospective APBI trial based on physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound (US) were further evaluated with breast MRI before treatment. All abnormal MRI findings were biopsied. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2011, 180 women who met inclusion criteria for APBI underwent breast MRI prior to treatment (median age=59; range 38-86). 126 tumors (70%) were invasive carcinomas with or without associated DCIS, while 54 (30%) were pure DCIS. Breast MRI confirmed unifocal disease in 109 patients with 111 cancers (60.5% of MRI cohort). Multifocal disease was identified in 19 patients (10.5% of MRI cohort), while multicentric disease was present in 3 patients (1.6% of MRI cohort). Five patients (4%) had an MRI-detected contralateral cancer. False positive MRI findings were seen in 45 patients (25% of MRI cohort). Pre-menopausal patients and patients with tumors >2cm were more likely to have MRI-detected multifocal/multicentric disease. While there was no statistically significant correlation between multifocal/multicentric disease and breast density, tumor histology, grade, ER status, or Her2/Neu expression, numbers in each category were small, suggesting a lack of statistical power to detect differences that may be clinically meaningful. One hundred and fifty-two of the 180 patients (84.4%) successfully completed lumpectomy and APBI, while 6.7% of the cohort underwent mastectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Breast MRI identified additional disease in 12% of APBI candidates. Premenopausal women and patients with tumors >2cm were more likely to have MRI-detected multifocal/multicentric disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.01.019

    View details for PubMedID 23597699

  • Updates and revisions to the BI-RADS magnetic resonance imaging lexicon. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America Edwards, S. D., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M., Lee, J. M. 2013; 21 (3): 483-493

    Abstract

    This article summarizes the updates and revisions to the second edition of the BI-RADS MRI lexicon. A new feature in the lexicon is background parenchymal enhancement and its descriptors. Another major focus is on revised terminology for masses and non-mass enhancement. A section on breast implants and associated lexicon terms has also been added. Because diagnostic breast imaging increasingly includes multimodality evaluation, the new edition of the lexicon also contains revised recommendations for combined reporting with mammography and ultrasound if these modalities are included as comparison, and clarification on the use of final assessment categories in MR imaging.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mric.2013.02.005

    View details for PubMedID 23928239

  • Updates and Revisions to the BI-RADS Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lexicon. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America Edwards, S. D., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M., Lee, J. M. 2013; 21 (3): 483-493

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mric.2013.02.005

    View details for PubMedID 23928239

  • The California Breast Density Information Group: A Collaborative Response to the Issues of Breast Density, Breast Cancer Risk, and Breast Density Notification Legislation RADIOLOGY Price, E. R., Hargreaves, J., Lipson, J. A., Sickles, E. A., Brenner, R. J., Lindfors, K. K., Joe, B. N., Leung, J. W., Feig, S. A., Bassett, L. W., Daniel, B. L., Kurian, A. W., Love, E., Ryan, L., Walgenbach, D. D., Ikeda, D. M. 2013: 887–92

    Abstract

    In anticipation of breast density notification legislation in the state of California, which would require notification of women with heterogeneously and extremely dense breast tissue, a working group of breast imagers and breast cancer risk specialists was formed to provide a common response framework. The California Breast Density Information Group identified key elements and implications of the law, researching scientific evidence needed to develop a robust response. In particular, issues of risk associated with dense breast tissue, masking of cancers by dense tissue on mammograms, and the efficacy, benefits, and harms of supplementary screening tests were studied and consensus reached. National guidelines and peer-reviewed published literature were used to recommend that women with dense breast tissue at screening mammography follow supplemental screening guidelines based on breast cancer risk assessment. The goal of developing educational materials for referring clinicians and patients was reached with the construction of an easily accessible Web site that contains information about breast density, breast cancer risk assessment, and supplementary imaging. This multi-institutional, multidisciplinary approach may be useful for organizations to frame responses as similar legislation is passed across the United States. © RSNA, 2013 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

  • Compliance with Recommended Follow-Up after MRI-guided Core Needle Biopsy of Suspicious Breast Lesions: A Retrospective Study Thompson, M. O., Lipson, J. A., Daniel, B. L., Harrigal, C. L., Mullarkey, P. J., Ikeda, D. M. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2012

    View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS12-P4-01-12

    View details for Web of Science ID 000209704900481

  • Breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography: a comparison of diagnostic accuracy BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY Svahn, T. M., Chakraborty, D. P., Ikeda, D., Zackrisson, S., Do, Y., Mattsson, S., Andersson, I. 2012; 85 (1019): E1074-E1082

    Abstract

    Our aim was to compare the ability of radiologists to detect breast cancers using one-view breast tomosynthesis (BT) and two-view digital mammography (DM) in an enriched population of diseased patients and benign and/or healthy patients.All participants gave informed consent. The BT and DM examinations were performed with about the same average glandular dose to the breast. The study population comprised patients with subtle signs of malignancy seen on DM and/or ultrasonography. Ground truth was established by pathology, needle biopsy and/or by 1-year follow-up by mammography, which retrospectively resulted in 89 diseased breasts (1 breast per patient) with 95 malignant lesions and 96 healthy or benign breasts. Two experienced radiologists, who were not participants in the study, determined the locations of the malignant lesions. Five radiologists, experienced in mammography, interpreted the cases independently in a free-response study. The data were analysed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and jackknife alternative free-response ROC (JAFROC) methods, regarding both readers and cases as random effects.The diagnostic accuracy of BT was significantly better than that of DM (JAFROC: p=0.0031, ROC: p=0.0415). The average sensitivity of BT was higher than that of DM (∼90% vs ∼79%; 95% confidence interval of difference: 0.036, 0.108) while the average false-positive fraction was not significantly different (95% confidence interval of difference: -0.117, 0.010).The diagnostic accuracy of BT was superior to DM in an enriched population.

    View details for DOI 10.1259/bjr/53282892

    View details for Web of Science ID 000311603400016

    View details for PubMedID 22674710

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3500806

  • Breast MRI without gadolinium: utility of 3D DESS, a new 3D diffusion weighted gradient-echo sequence. European journal of radiology Daniel, B. L., Granlund, K. L., Moran, C. J., Alley, M. T., Lipson, J., Ikeda, D. M., Kao, J., Hargreaves, B. A. 2012; 81: S24-6

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0720-048X(12)70010-4

    View details for PubMedID 23083590

  • Updated breast MRI Lexicon. European journal of radiology Ikeda, D. M. 2012; 81: S63-?

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0720-048X(12)70024-4

    View details for PubMedID 23083606

  • Breast cancer risk factors differ between Asian and white women with BRCA1/2 mutations FAMILIAL CANCER de Bruin, M. A., Kwong, A., Goldstein, B. A., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M., McPherson, L., Sharma, B., Kardashian, A., Schackmann, E., Kingham, K. E., Mills, M. A., West, D. W., Ford, J. M., Kurian, A. W. 2012; 11 (3): 429-439

    Abstract

    The prevalence and penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations may differ between Asians and whites. We investigated BRCA1/2 mutations and cancer risk factors in a clinic-based sample. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers were enrolled from cancer genetics clinics in Hong Kong and California according to standardized entry criteria. We compared BRCA mutation position, cancer history, hormonal and reproductive exposures. We analyzed DNA samples for single-nucleotide polymorphisms reported to modify breast cancer risk. We performed logistic regression to identify independent predictors of breast cancer. Fifty Asian women and forty-nine white American women were enrolled. BRCA1 mutations were more common among whites (67 vs. 42 %, p = 0.02), and BRCA2 mutations among Asians (58 vs. 37 %, p = 0.04). More Asians had breast cancer (76 vs. 53 %, p = 0.03); more whites had relatives with breast cancer (86 vs. 50 %, p = 0.0003). More whites than Asians had breastfed (71 vs. 42 %, p = 0.005), had high BMI (median 24.3 vs. 21.2, p = 0.04), consumed alcohol (2 drinks/week vs. 0, p < 0.001), and had oophorectomy (61 vs. 34 %, p = 0.01). Asians had a higher frequency of risk-associated alleles in MAP3K1 (88 vs. 59 %, p = 0.005) and TOX3/TNRC9 (88 vs. 55 %, p = 0.0002). On logistic regression, MAP3K1 was associated with increased breast cancer risk for BRCA2, but not BRCA1 mutation carriers; breast density was associated with increased risk among Asians but not whites. We found significant differences in breast cancer risk factors between Asian and white BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Further investigation of racial differences in BRCA1/2 mutation epidemiology could inform targeted cancer risk-reduction strategies.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10689-012-9531-9

    View details for PubMedID 22638769

  • MRI Enhancement Correlates With High Grade Desmoid Tumor of Breast BREAST JOURNAL Kim, M. J., Wapnir, I. L., Ikeda, D. M., Chisholm, K. M., Do, Y., Daniel, B. L. 2012; 18 (4): 374-376

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2012.01255.x

    View details for PubMedID 22716922

  • Breast Cancer Risk Factors among Asian Versus Caucasian Women with BRCA1/2 Mutations. de Bruin, M. A., Goldstein, B. A., Lipson, J. A., Ikeda, D. M., McPherson, L. A., Sharma, B., Kardashian, A., Schackmann, E. A., Kingham, K. E., Mills, M. A., West, D. W., Ford, J. M., Kurian, A. W. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2011

    View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS11-P4-10-10

    View details for Web of Science ID 000209699801334

  • Molecular Imaging Using Light-Absorbing Imaging Agents and a Clinical Optical Breast Imaging System-a Phantom Study MOLECULAR IMAGING AND BIOLOGY van de Ven, S. M., Mincu, N., Brunette, J., Ma, G., Khayat, M., Ikeda, D. M., Gambhir, S. S. 2011; 13 (2): 232-238

    Abstract

    The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of using a clinical optical breast scanner with molecular imaging strategies based on modulating light transmission.Different concentrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT; 0.8-20.0 nM) and black hole quencher-3 (BHQ-3; 2.0-32.0 µM) were studied in specifically designed phantoms (200-1,570 mm(3)) with a clinical optical breast scanner using four wavelengths. Each phantom was placed in the scanner tank filled with optical matching medium. Background scans were compared to absorption scans, and reproducibility was assessed.All SWNT phantoms were detected at four wavelengths, with best results at 684 nm. Higher concentrations (≥8.0 µM) were needed for BHQ-3 detection, with the largest contrast at 684 nm. The optical absorption signal was dependent on phantom size and concentration. Reproducibility was excellent (intraclass correlation 0.93-0.98).Nanomolar concentrations of SWNT and micromolar concentrations of BHQ-3 in phantoms were reproducibly detected, showing the potential of light absorbers, with appropriate targeting ligands, as molecular imaging agents for clinical optical breast imaging.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11307-010-0356-3

    View details for Web of Science ID 000288177700006

    View details for PubMedID 20532642

  • Breast Imaging Following Breast Conservation Therapy BREAST SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND INTERDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT Gutierrez, R., Horst, K. C., Dirbas, F. M., Ikeda, D. M., Dirbas, F. M., ScottConner, C. E. 2011: 975–95

    View details for DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6076-4_81

    View details for Web of Science ID 000288230500081

  • Image-Guided Breast Biopsy BREAST SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND INTERDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT Chandra, V., Dirbas, F. M., Ikeda, D. M., Dirbas, F. M., ScottConner, C. E. 2011: 223–40

    View details for DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6076-4_21

    View details for Web of Science ID 000288230500021

  • Freehand MRI-Guided Preoperative Needle Localization of Breast Lesions After MRI-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Core Needle Biopsy Without Marker Placement JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING van de Ven, S. M., Lin, M. C., Daniel, B. L., Sareen, P., Lipson, J. A., Pal, S., Dirbas, F. M., Ikeda, D. M. 2010; 32 (1): 101-109

    Abstract

    To evaluate the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided preoperative needle localization (PNL) of breast lesions previously sampled by MRI-guided vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy (VACNB) without marker placement.We reviewed 15 women with 16 breast lesions undergoing MRI-guided VACNB without marker placement who subsequently underwent MRI-guided PNL, both on an open 0.5T magnet using freehand techniques. Mammograms and specimen radiographs were rated for lesion visibility; MRI images were rated for lesion visibility and hematoma formation. Imaging findings were correlated with pathology.The average prebiopsy lesion size was 16 mm (range 4-50 mm) with 13/16 lesions located in mammographically dense breasts. Eight hematomas formed during VACNB (average size 13 mm, range 8-19 mm). PNL was performed for VACNB pathologies of cancer (5), high-risk lesions (5), or benign but discordant findings (6) at 2-78 days following VACNB. PNL targeted the lesion (2), hematoma (4), or surrounding breast architecture (10). Wire placement was successful in all 16 lesions. Final pathology showed six cancers, five high-risk lesions, and five benign findings.MRI-guided PNL is successful in removing lesions that have previously undergone VACNB without marker placement by targeting the residual lesion, hematoma, or surrounding breast architecture, even in mammographically dense breasts.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.22148

    View details for Web of Science ID 000279439600013

    View details for PubMedID 20575077

  • The diagnostic accuracy of dual-view digital mammography, single-view breast tomosynthesis and a dual-view combination of breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography in a free-response observer performance study RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY Svahn, T., Andersson, I., Chakraborty, D., Svensson, S., Ikeda, D., Fornvik, D., Mattsson, S., Tingberg, A., Zackrisson, S. 2010; 139 (1-3): 113-117

    Abstract

    The purpose of the present study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of dual-view digital mammography (DM), single-view breast tomosynthesis (BT) and BT combined with the opposite DM view. Patients with subtle lesions were selected to undergo BT examinations. Two radiologists who are non-participants in the study and have experience in using DM and BT determined the locations and extents of lesions in the images. Five expert mammographers interpreted the cases using the free-response paradigm. The task was to mark and rate clinically reportable findings suspicious for malignancy and clinically relevant benign findings. The marks were scored with reference to the outlined regions into lesion localization or non-lesion localization, and analysed by the jackknife alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic method. The analysis yielded statistically significant differences between the combined modality and dual-view DM (p < 0.05). No differences were found between single-view BT and dual-view DM or between single-view BT and the combined modality.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/rpd/ncq044

    View details for Web of Science ID 000277738200020

    View details for PubMedID 20228048

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2911156

  • The ACR BI-RADS experience: learning from history. Journal of the American College of Radiology Burnside, E. S., Sickles, E. A., Bassett, L. W., Rubin, D. L., Lee, C. H., Ikeda, D. M., Mendelson, E. B., Wilcox, P. A., Butler, P. F., D'Orsi, C. J. 2009; 6 (12): 851-860

    Abstract

    The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) initiative, instituted by the ACR, was begun in the late 1980s to address a lack of standardization and uniformity in mammography practice reporting. An important component of the BI-RADS initiative is the lexicon, a dictionary of descriptors of specific imaging features. The BI-RADS lexicon has always been data driven, using descriptors that previously had been shown in the literature to be predictive of benign and malignant disease. Once established, the BI-RADS lexicon provided new opportunities for quality assurance, communication, research, and improved patient care. The history of this lexicon illustrates a series of challenges and instructive successes that provide a valuable guide for other groups that aspire to develop similar lexicons in the future.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacr.2009.07.023

    View details for PubMedID 19945040

  • Breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography: a comparison of breast cancer visibility and BIRADS classification in a population of cancers with subtle mammographic findings EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY Andersson, I., Ikeda, D. M., Zackrisson, S., Ruschin, M., Svahn, T., Timberg, P., Tingberg, A. 2008; 18 (12): 2817-2825

    Abstract

    The main purpose was to compare breast cancer visibility in one-view breast tomosynthesis (BT) to cancer visibility in one- or two-view digital mammography (DM). Thirty-six patients were selected on the basis of subtle signs of breast cancer on DM. One-view BT was performed with the same compression angle as the DM image in which the finding was least/not visible. On BT, 25 projections images were acquired over an angular range of 50 degrees, with double the dose of one-view DM. Two expert breast imagers classified one- and two-view DM, and BT findings for cancer visibility and BIRADS cancer probability in a non-blinded consensus study. Forty breast cancers were found in 37 breasts. The cancers were rated more visible on BT compared to one-view and two-view DM in 22 and 11 cases, respectively, (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). Comparing one-view DM to one-view BT, 21 patients were upgraded on BIRADS classification (p < 0.01). Comparing two-view DM to one-view BT, 12 patients were upgraded on BIRADS classification (p < 0.01). The results indicate that the cancer visibility on BT is superior to DM, which suggests that BT may have a higher sensitivity for breast cancer detection.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00330-008-1076-9

    View details for Web of Science ID 000260837300014

    View details for PubMedID 18641998

  • MRI and H-1 MRS of The Breast: Presence of a Choline Peak as Malignancy Marker is Related to k21 Value of the Tumor in Patients with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma BREAST JOURNAL Geraghty, P. R., van den Bosch, M. A., Spielman, D. M., Hunjan, S., Birdwell, R. L., Fong, K. J., Stables, L. A., Zakhour, M., Herfkens, R. J., Ikeda, D. M. 2008; 14 (6): 574-580

    Abstract

    To assess which specific morphologic features, enhancement patterns, or pharmacokinetic parameters on breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) could predict a false-negative outcome of Proton MR Spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) exam in patients with invasive breast cancer. Sixteen patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were prospectively included and underwent both, contrast-enhanced breast MRI and (1)H MRS examination of the breast. The MR images were reviewed and the lesions morphologic features, enhancement patterns and pharmacokinetic parameters (k21-value) were scored according to the ACR BI-RADS-MRI lexicon criteria. For the in vivo MRS studies, each spectrum was evaluated for the presence of choline based on consensus reading. Breast MRI and (1)H MRS data were compared to histopathologic findings. In vivo (1)H MRS detected a choline peak in 14/16 (88%) cancers. A false-negative (1)H MRS study occurred in 2/16 (14%) cancer patients. K21 values differed between both groups: the 14 choline positive cancers had k21 values ranging from 0.01 to 0.20/second (mean 0.083/second), whereas the two choline-negative cancers showed k21 values of 0.03 and 0.05/second, respectively (mean 0.040/second). Also enhancement kinetics did differ between both groups; typically both cancers that were choline-negative showed a late phase plateau (100%), whereas this was only shown in 5/14 (36%) of the choline positive cases. There was no difference between both groups with regard to morphologic features on MRI. This study showed that false-negative (1)H MRS examinations do occur in breast cancer patients, and that the presence of a choline peak on (1)H MRS as malignancy marker is related to the k21 value of the invasive tumor being imaged.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2008.00650.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000261085300011

    View details for PubMedID 19000051

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2842578

  • Reproducibility of scoring systems used for breast density and breast parenchymal pattern assessment on X-ray mammography van de Ven, S. M., van den Bosch, M. A., Kwong, A., Rosenberg, J., Kamaya, A., Lo, G., Ikeda, D. M. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2008

    View details for DOI 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.1547

    View details for Web of Science ID 000208457400444

  • Estrogen receptor-negative invasive breast cancer: Imaging features of tumors with and without human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 overexpression RADIOLOGY Wang, Y., Ikeda, D. M., Narasimhan, B., Longacre, T. A., Bleicher, R. J., Pal, S., Jackman, R. J., Jeffrey, S. S. 2008; 246 (2): 367-375

    Abstract

    To prospectively determine if estrogen receptor (ER)-negative human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive and ER-negative HER2-negative breast cancers have distinguishing clinical and imaging features with use of retrospectively identified patients and tissue samples.This HIPAA-compliant study was institutional review board approved. Informed consent was obtained from living patients and waived for deceased patients. Mean patient age at diagnosis was 53 years (range, 31-84 years). Clinical history; histopathologic, mammographic, and breast sonographic findings; and HER2 status as determined with immunohistochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization were evaluated in 56 women with ER-negative breast cancer. Imaging appearances and clinicopathologic characteristics were correlated with tumor HER2 status. P < .05 indicated a significant difference.Lesion margins on mammograms (P = .028) and sonograms (P = .023), calcifications on mammograms (P = .003), and clinical cancer stage at diagnosis (P = .029) were significantly associated with HER2 status. In contrast to ER-negative HER2-negative tumors, ER-negative HER2-positive tumors were more likely to have spiculated margins (56% vs 15%), be associated with calcifications (65% vs 21%), and be detected at a higher cancer stage (74% vs 57%).Biologic diversity of cancers may manifest in imaging characteristics, and, conversely, studying the range of imaging features of cancers may help refine current molecular phenotypes.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radio1.2462070169

    View details for Web of Science ID 000252796300005

    View details for PubMedID 18180338

  • Tomosynthesis for the detection of breast cancer in a clinical setting Ikeda, D. M., Ruschin, M., Timberg, P., Svahn, T., Zackrisson, S., Andersson SPRINGER. 2007: S14

    View details for Web of Science ID 000251398500038

  • MRI background enhancement: Its relationship with breast density and breast cancer risk Kwong, A., Rosenberg, J., Van den Bosch, M. A., Daniel, B. L., Lo, G., Ikeda, D. M. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000455043700294

  • Does size matter? Likelihood of cancer in MRI-detected lesions less than 5 mm AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Van den Bosch, M. A., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L. 2007; 188 (6): W571-W571

    View details for DOI 10.2214/AJR.06.1206

    View details for Web of Science ID 000246665800058

    View details for PubMedID 17515352

  • Cost-effectiveness of breast magnetic resonance imaging to screen BRCA1/2 mutation carriers - Reply JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Plevritis, S. K., Ikeda, D. M., Garber, A. M. 2006; 296 (22): 2682-2682

    View details for Web of Science ID 000242765700021

  • Water-selective spectral-spatial contrast-enhanced breast MRI for cancer detection in patients with extracapsular and injected free silicone MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Po, J., Margolis, D. J., Cunningham, C. H., Herfkens, R. J., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L. 2006; 24 (10): 1363-1367

    Abstract

    This study investigates the use of contrast-enhanced, T1-weighted, water-selective spectral-spatial 3D gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetization transfer (3DSSMT) for detecting breast cancer in patients with intraparenchymal silicone.Water-selective 3DSSMT provides superior fat and silicone suppression in patients with free silicone as compared with conventional fat saturation. It enables direct, high-quality, high-spatial-resolution, T1-weighted breast MRI of contrast enhancement without the need for subtraction processing and aids diagnosis of cancer in the breast with free silicone.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mri.2006.08.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000242946800011

    View details for PubMedID 17145408

  • American College Of Radiology/Society of Breast Imaging curriculum for resident and fellow education in breast imaging. Journal of the American College of Radiology Sickles, E. A., Philpotts, L. E., Parkinson, B. T., Monticciolo, D. L., Lvoff, N. M., Ikeda, D. M., High, M., Farria, D., Carlson, R. A., Burnside, E. S., Bassett, L. W., Allen, J. D., Monsees, B., Lee, C. H., Evans, P., Dershaw, D. D., Brenner, R. J. 2006; 3 (11): 879-884

    Abstract

    The ACR and the Society of Breast Imaging have revised the curriculum for resident and fellow education in breast imaging on the basis of substantial changes in breast imaging practice since the initial curriculum was published in 2000. This curriculum provides guidance to academic chairs, residency program directors, and academic section chiefs in assessing and improving their residency and fellowship training programs and indicates to residents and breast imaging fellows the topics they need to learn and the experience they should try to acquire during their training. Radiologists already in practice also may find the curriculum useful in outlining the material they need to know to remain up to date in the practice of breast imaging.

    View details for PubMedID 17412188

  • MRI-guided needle localization of suspicious breast lesions: results of a freehand technique EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY van den Bosch, M. A., Daniel, B. L., Pal, S., Nowels, K. W., Birdwell, R. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Ikeda, D. M. 2006; 16 (8): 1811-1817

    Abstract

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect clinically and mammographically occult breast lesions. In this study we report the results of MRI-guided needle localization of suspicious breast lesions by using a freehand technique. Preoperative MRI-guided single-needle localization was performed in 220 patients with 304 MRI-only breast lesions at our hospital between January 1997 and July 2004. Procedures were performed in an open 0.5-T Signa-SP imager allowing real-time monitoring, with patient in prone position, by using a dedicated breast coil. MRI-compatible hookwires were placed in a noncompressed breast by using a freehand technique. MRI findings were correlated with pathology and follow-up. MRI-guided needle localization was performed for a single lesion in 150 patients, for two lesions in 56 patients, and for three lesions in 14 patients. Histopathologic analysis of these 304 lesions showed 104 (34%) malignant lesions, 51 (17%) high-risk lesions, and 149 (49%) benign lesions. The overall lesion size ranged from 2.0-65.0 mm (mean 11.2 mm). No direct complications occurred. Follow-up MRI in 54 patients showed that two (3.7%) lesions were missed by surgical biopsy. MRI-guided freehand needle localization is accurate and allows localization of lesions anterior in the breast, the axillary region, and near the chest wall.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00330-006-0214-5

    View details for Web of Science ID 000238860700022

    View details for PubMedID 16683117

  • Computer-aided detection with screening mammography: Improving performance or simply shifting the operating point? Response RADIOLOGY Birdwell, R. L., Ikeda, D. 2006; 239 (3): 917–U1

    View details for Web of Science ID 000237738600038

  • Cost-effectiveness of screening BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast magnetic resonance imaging JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Plevritis, S. K., Kurian, A. W., Sigal, B. M., Daniel, B. L., Ikeda, D. M., Stockdale, F. E., Garber, A. M. 2006; 295 (20): 2374-2384

    Abstract

    Women with inherited BRCA1/2 mutations are at high risk for breast cancer, which mammography often misses. Screening with contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects cancer earlier but increases costs and results in more false-positive scans.To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with mammography plus breast MRI compared with mammography alone.A computer model that simulates the life histories of individual BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, incorporating the effects of mammographic and MRI screening was used. The accuracy of mammography and breast MRI was estimated from published data in high-risk women. Breast cancer survival in the absence of screening was based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database of breast cancer patients diagnosed in the prescreening period (1975-1981), adjusted for the current use of adjuvant therapy. Utilization rates and costs of diagnostic and treatment interventions were based on a combination of published literature and Medicare payments for 2005.The survival benefit, incremental costs, and cost-effectiveness of MRI screening strategies, which varied by ages of starting and stopping MRI screening, were computed separately for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.Screening strategies that incorporate annual MRI as well as annual mammography have a cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained ranging from less than 45,000 dollars to more than 700,000 dollars, depending on the ages selected for MRI screening and the specific BRCA mutation. Relative to screening with mammography alone, the cost per QALY gained by adding MRI from ages 35 to 54 years is 55,420 dollars for BRCA1 mutation carriers, 130,695 dollars for BRCA2 mutation carriers, and 98,454 dollars for BRCA2 mutation carriers who have mammographically dense breasts.Breast MRI screening is more cost-effective for BRCA1 than BRCA2 mutation carriers. The cost-effectiveness of adding MRI to mammography varies greatly by age.

    View details for PubMedID 16720823

  • Promising techniques for breast cancer detection, diagnosis, and staging using non-ionizing radiation imaging techniques Workshop on Nuclear Radiology of Breast Cancer Park, J. M., Ikeda, D. M. IST EDITORIALI POLGRAFICI INT. 2006: 7–10

    Abstract

    Traditional imaging for the diagnosis and staging of breast cancer has relied on the tissue morphology of cancers in the background of normal patterns of fibroglandular breast tissue. X-ray mammography and ultrasound have been the primary modalities for the diagnosis and the work-up of breast cancer. New modalities have been validated including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). New pulse sequences in MRI combined with contrast enhancement kinetic perfusion curves have greatly enhanced detection of mammographically occult cancers. New modalities on the horizon include optical imaging, exploiting again the differential perfusion properties of cancers in a background of normal glandular tissue. Even more specificity can be ach eved with the addition of ductal or intravenous introduction of optical probes specific to tumor associated antigens such as the HER-2/neu receptor in aggressive breast cancers. Quantum dots and other fluorescent dyes coupled to peptides or other probes will greatly enhance our ability to detect cancers earlier and without ionizing radiation.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000245817500005

    View details for PubMedID 17645984

  • Mainstream breast cancer radiology perspective Workshop on Nuclear Radiology of Breast Cancer Ikeda, D. M. IST EDITORIALI POLGRAFICI INT. 2006: 4–6

    Abstract

    Clinical breast-imaging tests must be fast, sensitive, specific, add information not otherwise available to clinicians at a reasonable cost, and be biopsy-capable. Mammography, breast ultrasound and imaging guided breast core biopsies and preoperative needle localizations are most often used in breast imaging facilities around the world. This article will describe mammography and breast ultrasound in current clinical practice for breast cancer detection, diagnosis, staging, image-guided biopsy, and for evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000245817500004

    View details for PubMedID 17645983

  • The lactating breast: Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging of normal tissue and cancer RADIOLOGY Espinosa, L. A., Daniel, B. L., Vidarsson, L., Zakhour, M., Ikeda, D. M., Herfkens, R. J. 2005; 237 (2): 429-436

    Abstract

    To retrospectively describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of normal breast tissue and breast cancer in the setting of lactation.The HIPAA-compliant study was exempt from institutional approval, and informed consent was not required. Unilateral MR imaging of 10 breasts was performed in seven lactating patients aged 27-42 years. For the three patients in whom both breasts were imaged, each breast was imaged on a separate day. Nonenhanced T1-weighted and fat-saturated T2-weighted images and contrast material-enhanced dynamic three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted spiral gradient-echo images interleaved with T1-weighted high-spatial-resolution 3D gradient-echo images (2.0 x 1.0 x 0.4-mm voxels) were obtained. Three readers in consensus assessed the glandular density, T2-weighted signal intensity, milk duct appearance, and contrast enhancement in normal and tumor-containing breast regions. The pharmacokinetic contrast enhancement parameters of tumors were compared with those of normal tissue by using Student t and Mann-Whitney tests.MR findings of normal breast tissue in the seven women included increased glandular density in six women, high T2-weighted signal intensity in six, dilated central ducts in seven, and rapid initial glandular contrast enhancement in seven. MR findings of invasive ductal carcinoma in five women, compared with findings of the normal glandular tissue, included lower T2-weighted signal intensity in five women, more avid and rapid contrast enhancement in five, and early contrast enhancement washout in four. One minute after contrast agent injection, tumor signal intensity increased significantly more than normal lactating tissue signal intensity (153% vs 60% from baseline, P = .016). The median two-compartment model K(21) exchange rate in the tumors, 0.078 sec(-1), was significantly faster than the K(21) exchange rate in normal tissue, 0.011 sec(-1) (P = .03).Normal lactating glands have increased density, high T2-weighted signal intensity, and rapid moderate contrast enhancement. Breast cancers are visible during lactation owing to their lower signal intensity and more intense initial contrast enhancement with early washout compared with normal breast tissue.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2372040837

    View details for Web of Science ID 000232743300008

    View details for PubMedID 16244250

  • Pathologic correlates of false positive breast magnetic resonance imaging findings: which lesions warrant biopsy? 6th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Breast-Surgeons Langer, S. A., Horst, K. C., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L., Kong, C. S., Dirbas, F. M. EXCERPTA MEDICA INC-ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2005: 633–40

    Abstract

    Contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive for breast cancer. However, adoption of breast MRI is hampered by frequent false positive (FP) findings. Though ultimately proven benign, these suspicious findings require biopsy due to abnormal morphology and/or kinetic enhancement curves that simulate malignancy on MRI. We hypothesized that analysis of a series of FP MRI findings could reveal a pattern of association between certain "suspicious" lesions and benign disease that might help avoid unnecessary biopsy of such lesions in the future.A retrospective chart review identified women undergoing breast MRI between June 1995 and March 2002 with FP findings identified by MRI alone. Lesions were retrospectively characterized according to an MRI Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System lexicon and matched to pathology.Twenty-two women were identified with 29 FP lesions. Morphology revealed 1 focus (3.5%), 5 masses less than 5 mm (17%), 11 masses greater than 5 mm (38%), 1 (3.5%) linear enhancement, and 11 (38%) non-mass-like enhancement. Kinetic curves were suspicious in 15 (52%). Histology demonstrated 20 (69%) variants of normal tissue and 9 (31%) benign masses. MRI lesions less than 5 mm (n = 6, 20.5%) were small, well-delineated nodules of benign breast tissue.Suspicious MRI lesions less than 5 mm often represent benign breast tissue and could potentially undergo surveillance instead of biopsy.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.06.030

    View details for PubMedID 16164938

  • Contrast-enhanced MRI of ductal carcinoma in situ: Characteristics of a new intensity-modulated parametric mapping technique correlated with histopathologic findings JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Mariano, M. N., van den Bosch, M. A., Daniel, B. L., Nowels, K. W., Birdwell, R. L., Fong, K. J., Desmond, P. S., Plevritis, S., Stables, L. A., Zakhour, M., Herfkens, R. J., Ikeda, D. M. 2005; 22 (4): 520-526

    Abstract

    To identify morphologic and dynamic enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) by using a new intensity-modulated parametric mapping technique, and to correlate the MRI features with histopathologic findings.Fourteen patients with pure DCIS on pathology underwent conventional mammography and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI using the intensity-modulated parametric mapping technique. The MR images were reviewed and the lesions were categorized according to morphologic and kinetic criteria from the ACR BI-RADS-MRI Lexicon, with BI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions classified as suspicious.With the use of a kinetic curve shape analysis, MRI classified seven of 14 lesions (50%) as suspicious, including four with initial-rapid/late-washout and three with initial-rapid/late-plateau. Using morphologic criteria, MRI classified 10/14 (71%) as suspicious, with the most prominent morphologic feature being a regional enhancement pattern. Using the intensity modulated parametric mapping technique, MRI classified 12/14 cases (86%) as suspicious. Parametric mapping identified all intermediate- and high-grade DCIS lesions.The intensity-modulated parametric mapping technique for breast MRI resulted in the highest detection rate for the DCIS cases. Furthermore, the parametric mapping technique identified all intermediate- and high-grade DCIS lesions, suggesting that a negative MRI using the parametric mapping technique may exclude intermediate- and high-grade DCIS. This finding has potential clinical implications.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.20405

    View details for PubMedID 16142701

  • Computer-aided detection with screening mammography in a university hospital setting RADIOLOGY Birdwell, R. L., Bandodkar, P., Ikeda, D. M. 2005; 236 (2): 451-457

    Abstract

    To prospectively assess the effect of computer-aided detection (CAD) on screening mammogram interpretation in an academic medical center to determine if the outcome is different than that previously reported for community practices.Institutional review board approval was granted, and informed consent was waived. During a 19-month period, 8682 women (median age, 54 years; range, 33-95 years) underwent screening mammography. Each mammogram was interpreted by one of seven radiologists, followed by immediate re-evaluation of the mammogram with CAD information. Each recalled case was classified as follows: radiologist perceived the finding and CAD marked it, radiologist perceived the finding and CAD did not mark it, or CAD prompted the radiologist to perceive the finding and recall the patient. Lesion type was also recorded. Recalled patients were tracked to determine the effect of CAD on recall and biopsy recommendation rates, positive predictive value (PPV) of biopsy, and cancer detection rate. A 95% confidence interval was calculated for cancer detection rate. Pathologic examination was performed for all cancers.Of 8682 patients, 863 (9.9%) with 960 findings were recalled for further work-up (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 0). After further diagnostic imaging, it was recommended that biopsy or aspiration be performed for 181 of 960 findings (19%); 165 interventions were confirmed to have been performed. Twenty-nine cancers were found in this group, with a PPV for biopsy of 18% (29 of 165 findings) and a cancer detection rate of 3.3 per 1000 screening mammograms (29 of 8682 patients). CAD-prompted recalls contributed 8% (73 of 960 findings) of total recalled findings and 7% (two of 29 lesions) of cancers detected. Of 29 cancers (59%), 17 manifested as masses and 12 (41%) were microcalcifications. Ten (34%) cancers were ductal carcinoma in situ, and the remaining cancers had an invasive component. Both cancers found with CAD manifested as masses, and both were invasive ductal carcinoma.Prospective clinical use of CAD in a university hospital setting resulted in a 7.4% increase (from 27 to 29) in cancers detected. Both cancers were nonpalpable masses.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2362040864

    View details for Web of Science ID 000230670200012

    View details for PubMedID 16040901

  • MRI features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in the breast AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Espinosa, L. A., Daniel, B. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Nowels, K. W., Ikeda, D. M. 2005; 185 (1): 199-202

    View details for Web of Science ID 000229951900035

    View details for PubMedID 15972423

  • Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of fibrocystic change of the breast INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY van den Bosch, M. A., Daniel, B. L., Mariano, M. N., Nowels, K. N., Birdwell, R. L., Fong, K. J., Desmond, P. S., Plevritis, S., Stables, L. A., Zakhour, M., Herfkens, R. J., Ikeda, D. M. 2005; 40 (7): 436-441

    Abstract

    The objective of this study was to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of fibrocystic change (FCC) of the breast.Fourteen patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of solitary FCC of the breast underwent x-ray mammography and MRI of the breast. Three experienced breast imaging radiologists retrospectively reviewed the MRI findings and categorized the lesions on morphologic and kinetic criteria according to the ACR BI-RADS-MRI Lexicon.The most striking morphologic feature of fibrocystic change was nonmass-like regional enhancement found in 6 of 14 (43%) FCC lesions. Based on morphologic criteria alone, 12 of 14 (86%) lesions were correctly classified as benign. According to analysis of the time-intensity curves, 10 of 14 (71%) FCC lesions were correctly classified as benign.Although FCC has a wide spectrum of morphologic and kinetic features on MRI, it most often presents as a mass or a nonmass-like regional enhancing lesion with benign enhancement kinetics.

    View details for PubMedID 15973135

  • Rates of reexcision for breast cancer after magnetic resonance imaging-guided bracket wire localization JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS Wallace, A. M., Daniel, B. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Birdwell, R. L., Nowels, K. W., Dirbas, F. M., Schraedley-Desmond, P., Ikeda, D. M. 2005; 200 (4): 527-537

    Abstract

    We performed this study to determine rates of close or transected cancer margins after magnetic resonance imaging-guided bracket wire localization for nonpalpable breast lesions.Of 243 women undergoing MRI-guided wire localizations, 26 had MRI bracket wire localization to excise either a known cancer (n = 19) or a suspicious MRI-detected lesion (n = 7). We reviewed patient age, preoperative diagnosis, operative intent, mammographic breast density, MRI lesion size, MRI enhancement curve and morphology, MRI Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment code, number of bracket wires, and pathology size. We analyzed these findings for their relationship to obtaining clear margins at first operative excision.Twenty-one of 26 (81%) patients had cancer. Of 21 patients with cancer, 12 (57%) had negative margins at first excision and 9 (43%) had close/transected margins. MRI size > or = 4 cm was associated with a higher reexcision rate (7 of 9, 78%) than those < 4 cm (2 of 12, 17%) (p = 0.009). MRI BI-RADS score, enhancement curve, morphology, and preoperative core biopsy demonstrating ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were not predictive of reexcision. The average number of wires used for bracketing increased with lesion size, but was not associated with improved outcomes. On pathology, cancer size was smaller in patients with negative margins (12 patients, 1.2 cm) than in those with close/transected margins (9 patients, 4.6 cm) (p < 0.001). Reexcision was based on close/transected margins involving DCIS alone (6, 67%), infiltrating ductal carcinoma and DCIS (2, 22%), or infiltrating ductal carcinoma alone (1, 11%). Reexcision pathology demonstrated DCIS (3, 33%), no residual cancer (5, 55%), and 1 patient was lost to followup (1, 11%). Interestingly, cancer patients who required reexcision were younger (p = 0.022), but breast density was not associated with reexcision.To our knowledge, this is the first report of MRI-guided bracket wire localization. Patients with MRI-detected lesions less than 4 cm had clear margins at first excision; larger MRI-detected lesions were more likely to have close/transected margins. Reexcision was often because of DCIS and was the only pathology found at reexcision, perhaps because MRI is more sensitive for detecting invasive carcinoma than DCIS.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.12.013

    View details for Web of Science ID 000228085200005

    View details for PubMedID 15804466

  • In vivo sonography through an open MRI breast coil to correlate sonographic and MRI findings AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Lilienstein, J., Daniel, B. L., Ikeda, D. M. 2005; 184 (3): S49-S52

    View details for Web of Science ID 000227522800018

    View details for PubMedID 15728020

  • Magnetic resonance imaging of suspicious breast masses seen on one mammographic view. breast journal Offodile, R. S., Daniel, B. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Wapnir, I., Dirbas, F. M., Ikeda, D. M. 2004; 10 (5): 416-422

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying lesions unidentified on the craniocaudal projection. The authors reviewed five patients with suspicious mammographic lesions not imaged on the craniocaudal mammogram who were referred for contrast-enhanced MRI and underwent subsequent preoperative needle localization in four of the five cases. Five patients, ages 56 to 69 years, had suspicious lesions identified on mediolateral oblique (MLO) or mediolateral (ML) projections only. Ultrasound did not identify the lesion in any of these cases. MRI identified suspicious breast lesions measuring 5 to 12 mm in size. These were located high on the chest wall or in the upper inner quadrant. Suspicious lesions seen only on the MLO or ML projections may reside high on the chest wall or in the upper inner quadrant. Lesions in these locations may be typically excluded on the craniocaudal projection during mammography. Breast MRI has the advantage of imaging the entire breast and is particularly useful for these lesions. In this series, MRI prevented delay in breast cancer diagnosis.

    View details for PubMedID 15327495

  • Computer-aided detection output on 172 subtle findings on normal mammograms previously obtained in women with breast cancer detected at follow-up screening mammography RADIOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Birdwell, R. L., O'Shaughnessy, K. F., Sickles, E. A., Brenner, R. J. 2004; 230 (3): 811-819

    Abstract

    To evaluate, by using a computer-aided detection (CAD) program, the nonspecific findings on normal screening mammograms obtained in women in whom breast cancer was later detected at follow-up screening mammography.Four hundred ninety-three mammogram pairs-an initial negative screening mammogram and a subsequently obtained screening mammogram showing cancer-were collected. The mean interval between examinations was 14.6 months. In 169 cases, in which 172 cancers were later depicted, findings on the initial mammogram were subtle enough that either none or only one or two of five blinded radiologists recommended screening recall. On the initial negative mammograms, of the 172 areas where cancer later developed, 137 (80%) had subtle nonspecific findings and were retrospectively judged as having a benign or normal appearance. The mammograms with these subtle findings were evaluated with a commercially available CAD program, and the numbers of CAD marks on these nonspecific findings were analyzed.Of the 172 cancers, 129 (75%) were invasive and 43 (25%) were ductal carcinoma in situ. The CAD program marked 72 (42%) of the 172 findings that subsequently developed into cancer: 24 (29%) of 82 findings recalled by none, 25 (49%) of 51 findings recalled by one, and 23 (59%) of 39 findings recalled by two of the five radiologists. Among the 137 areas with nonspecific normal or benign findings, 41 (30%) areas where cancer subsequently developed were marked by the CAD program.A subset of cancers have perceptible but nonspecific mammographic findings that may be marked by a CAD program, even when the findings do not warrant recall as judged at blinded and unblinded radiologist review. The authors believe failure to act on such nonspecific but CAD-marked findings prospectively does not constitute interpretation below a reasonable standard of care.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2303030254

    View details for Web of Science ID 000189186500031

    View details for PubMedID 14764891

  • Circular tomosynthesis: Potential in imaging of breast and upper cervical spine - Preliminary phantom and in vitro study 86th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological-Society-of-North-America (RSNA) Stevens, G. M., Birdwell, R. L., Beaulieu, C. F., Ikeda, D. M., Pelc, N. J. RADIOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMERICA. 2003: 569–75

    Abstract

    Phantom and in vitro studies were performed to evaluate the potential application of digital circular tomosynthesis in imaging of the breast and upper cervical spine. A prototype volumetric x-ray system was used to image a mammographic phantom, a fresh mastectomy specimen, and a head phantom containing the upper cervical spine. Results show that breast tissue visualization is improved by the ability to produce sectional images that blur overlying structures and yield three-dimensional information about calcification clusters. In upper cervical spine imaging, digital circular tomosynthesis effectively blurs overlying jaw and skull structures so that C1 and C2 can be visualized in a standard anteroposterior view.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2282020295

    View details for Web of Science ID 000184381100041

    View details for PubMedID 12821770

  • Analysis of 172 subtle findings on prior normal mammograms in women with breast cancer detected at follow-up screening RADIOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Birdwell, R. L., O'Shaughnessy, K. F., Brenner, R. J., Sickles, E. A. 2003; 226 (2): 494-503

    Abstract

    To retrospectively review nonspecific findings on prior screening mammograms to determine what features were most often deemed normal or benign despite the development of breast cancer in the same location detected at follow-up screening.Four hundred ninety-three pairs of consecutive mammographic findings were collected from 13 institutions, consisting of initial normal screening findings and a subsequent finding of cancer at screening (mean interval between examinations, 14.6 months). One designated radiologist reviewed each pair of mammograms and determined that 286 findings were judged visible at prior examination in locations where cancer later developed. Five blinded radiologists independently reviewed the prior findings in these 286 cases, identifying 169 mammograms (172 cancers) with findings so subtle that none or only one or two of the five radiologists recommended screening recall. Two unblinded radiologists reviewed the initial and subsequent findings and recorded descriptors and assessments for each finding and subjective factors influencing why, although the lesion was perceptible, it might have been undetected or not recalled.Of 172 cancers, 129 (75%) were invasive (112 T1 tumors and 17 T2 tumors or higher; median diameter, 10 mm), and 43 (25%) were ductal carcinoma in situ (median size, 10 mm). On the prior mammograms, 80% (137 of 172) of these cancers had subtle nonspecific findings where cancer later developed, and most were assessed as being normal or benign in appearance.There is a subset of cancers that display perceptible but nonspecific mammographic findings that do not warrant recall, as judged by both a majority of blinded radiologists and by unblinded reviewers. We believe failure to act on these nonspecific findings prospectively does not necessarily constitute interpretation below a reasonable standard of care.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2262011634

    View details for Web of Science ID 000180657000029

    View details for PubMedID 12563145

  • Ethical issues in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging screening for breast cancer. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging Plevritis, S. K., Ikeda, D. M. 2002; 13 (2): 79-84

    Abstract

    Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening has been shown to detect early breast cancer. The main challenge ahead for breast MRI screening is to prove its effectiveness in reducing breast cancer mortality. While this challenge is commonly viewed as a scientific, technological, and clinical one, it also carries ethical components. This article is concerned with the risks and benefits of MRI screening that should be explained to screening participants and discusses the evidence needed by policy makers who ultimately will determine a just allocation of health care resources to MRI breast cancer screening.

    View details for PubMedID 12055452

  • Breast cancer: Variables affecting sentinel lymph node visualization at preoperative lymphoscintigraphy RADIOLOGY Birdwell, R. L., Smith, K. L., Betts, B. J., Ikeda, D. M., Strauss, H. W., Jeffrey, S. S. 2001; 220 (1): 47-53

    Abstract

    To compare patients with visualized sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and patients with nonvisualized SLNs, with a focus on variables affecting SLN visualization at preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and on nodal drainage basins as related to tumor location.One hundred thirty-six patients who had breast cancer underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy before SLN biopsy. Patients with visualized and nonvisualized SLNs were compared for age; tumor site, size, and histologic findings; injection guidance method; diagnostic biopsy type; interval between biopsy and lymphoscintigraphy; intraoperative identification method; and surgical identification rate. Visualized SLN drainage basins were noted.Ninety-nine patients had visualized and 37 had nonvisualized SLNs, without statistically significant differences in tumor site, size, and histologic findings; injection guidance method; diagnostic biopsy type; and interval between biopsy and lymphoscintigraphy. Ninety-nine (73%) of the 136 SLNs were visualized at lymphoscintigraphy; 30 (81%) of the 37 nonvisualized SLNS were identified at surgery. Of the seven SLNs not identified at surgery, five were mapped with radiocolloid only. Patients with nonvisualized SLNs were older than those with visualized SLNs. Eleven (46%) of 24 tumors with internal mammary drainage were in the outer part of the breast.Patients with and those without visualization differed in age, SLN identification at surgery, and surgical identification method. Nonvisualized status does not preclude axillary metastasis. In older patients with nonvisualized SLNs, blue dye may aid in SLN detection, as compared with isotope-only localization.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000169468400007

    View details for PubMedID 11425971

  • Potential role of magnetic resonance imaging and other modalities in ductal carcinoma in situ detection. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America Ikeda, D. M., Birdwell, R. L., Daniel, B. L. 2001; 9 (2): 345-?

    Abstract

    Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) is the earliest form of ductal cancer, with a high rate of care if treated early. This article outlines the use of breast imaging in DCIS diagnosis, including mammography, MR imaging, and nuclear medicine studies. While MR imaging and nuclear medicine show great promise in DCIS diagnosis, mammography remains the mainstay of DCIS detection by the presence of microcalcifications in early tumors on the mammogram.

    View details for PubMedID 11493424

  • Progress report from the American College of Radiology Breast MR Imaging Lexicon Committee. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America Ikeda, D. M. 2001; 9 (2): 295-?

    Abstract

    Given the wide variety of terms for abnormal findings on contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging studies, the United States Public Health Services' Office on Women's Health, the Susan G. Komen Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, and the American College of Radiology, funded a committee (or "working group") of international experts to develop a standard language for breast MR imaging reporting. During the last three years, the group members have developed a preliminary Breast MR Imaging Lexicon to describe abnormal contrast-enhancing findings in the breast on MR imaging studies, with a special focus on lesion morphology on high-resolution scans and kinetic curve data descriptions. The initial version of the Breast MR Imaging Lexicon has undergone preliminary testing and is undergoing further development and refinement based on test results. Future work on the new Breast MR Imaging Lexicon includes continued lexicon development, accumulation of a breast MR imaging case set for lexicon testing, and planning for subsequent education for general radiologists on the new lexicon.

    View details for PubMedID 11493420

  • Milk of calcium in the breast: appearance on prone stereotactic imaging. breast journal Ross, B. A., Ikeda, D. M., Jackman, R. J., Nowels, K. W. 2001; 7 (1): 53-55

    Abstract

    Microcalcifications discovered by mammography require careful analysis, occasionally leading to core biopsy to exclude associated breast cancer. We report unrecognized milk of calcium layering on small field of view prone digital stereotactic images. We illustrate important features on prone digital images attributed to milk of calcium which can exclude breast neoplasm, suggest this diagnosis, and prevent unnecessary biopsy.

    View details for PubMedID 11348416

  • Intensity-modulated parametric mapping for simultaneous display of rapid dynamic and high-spatial-resolution breast MR imaging data RADIOGRAPHICS Agoston, A. T., Daniel, B. L., Herfkens, R. J., Ikeda, D. M., Birdwell, R. L., Heiss, S. G., Sawyer-Glover, A. M. 2001; 21 (1): 217-226

    Abstract

    Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the breast has variable specificity for differentiation of breast cancer from other enhancing conditions. Two principal strategies to improve its specificity are rapid dynamic MR imaging and high-spatial-resolution MR imaging. A method was developed of combining contemporaneously acquired dynamic and high-spatial-resolution MR imaging data into a single integrated display. Whole-breast rapid dynamic data were condensed into a color map by using pharmacokinetic analysis. The pharmacokinetic results were combined with the high-spatial-resolution images with a new technique that preserves underlying morphologic details. This new method was evaluated by five radiologists for eight breast lesions, and the results were compared with those of the standard method of overlaying parametric map data. The radiologists' ratings showed a statistically significant preference for the intensity-modulated parametric map display method over the overlaid parametric display method for 10 of the 12 evaluation criteria. The new method enabled simultaneous visualization of pharmacokinetic and morphologic information, facilitated assessment of lesion extent, and improved the suppression of noise in the pharmacokinetic data. The ability to simultaneously assess both dynamic and high-spatial-resolution features may ultimately improve the specificity of breast MR imaging.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000170928100018

    View details for PubMedID 11158656

  • Non-visualization of sentinel lymph node in patients with breast cancer NUCLEAR MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS Krausz, Y., Ikeda, D. M., Jadvar, H., Langleben, D., Birdwell, R., Strauss, H. W. 2001; 22 (1): 25-32

    Abstract

    Histological evaluation of the first draining lymph node (sentinel node) in the axilla of patients with breast cancer has dramatically altered the surgical approach to these patients, with sparing of the axilla if no tumour cells are identified. In a fraction of patients imaged after peri-tumoural injection of the breast, there is no visualization of the sentinel node. We retrospectively analysed the status of patients whose nodes were visualized and of patients whose nodes failed to visualize, to define the variables associated with non-visualization of the sentinel node. Seventy-four breast cancer patients were imaged following peri-tumoural injection of filtered 99Tc(m)-sulfur colloid, immediately and up to 5.5 h post-injection. The scintigraphic data were analysed with reference to the patient's age, histology, grade, site and size of tumour, previous diagnostic procedure and time interval to scan, using univariate analysis and a logistic regression model. A sentinel node was visualized in 53 of 74 women (72%). Comparison of patients with non-visualized versus visualized sentinel nodes disclosed no statistically significant univariate relation to age of the patients (P = 0.10), size of tumour (P = 0.46), site (P = 0.26), histology [invasive ductal carcinoma in 16 of 20 (80%) non-visualized cases, and in 43 of 53 (81%) visualized patients], prior excision biopsy (P = 0.36) and time interval to surgery (P = 0.29). Tumour grade was the only significant variable on univariate analysis (P = 0.03), though multivariate analysis showed that none of the independent parameters were statistically significant. In 39 patients with an upper outer quadrant tumour, the location of the sentinel node was not limited to the axilla and even crossed the midline of the breast. Our results show that none of the independent variables is associated with non-visualization of sentinel lymph node on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy of patients with breast cancer, though the tumour grade may have contributed to non-visualization of this node. The non-axillary drainage from upper outer quadrant tumours suggests the routine use of lymphoscintigraphy prior to axillary dissection.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000166925500004

    View details for PubMedID 11233548

  • Magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer: Clinical indications and breast MRI reporting system JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Ikeda, D. M., Baker, D. R., Daniel, B. L. 2000; 12 (6): 975-983

    Abstract

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well suited to the investigation of breast cancer by virtue of its noninvasive nature and its multiplanar imaging abilities. MRI investigations showed high sensitivity but modest specificity for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Most early studies tested the ability of MRI to evaluate and diagnose findings in the breast discovered by other imaging tests or by breast physical examination (1-4). When it was discovered that MRI identified small breast cancers undetected by mammography or breast ultrasound, MRI was used to estimate breast cancer extent in known cancer cases for surgical planning (5,6). These investigations led to the use of MRI in a multitude of breast imaging applications, raising further questions about the use of MRI in everyday practice: What are the indications for breast MRI in general practice? What is its role in light of other imaging tests? What are its benefits and limitations in each setting? How do I report these studies? The purpose of this article is to review the clinical background regarding indications for the use of MRI and relevant cases in which MRI can impact patient management in breast disease, and to describe new developments in reporting breast MRI studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:975-983.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000171295600024

    View details for PubMedID 11105039

  • New bilateral microcalcifications at mammography in a postlactational woman: Case report RADIOLOGY Stucker, D. T., Ikeda, D. M., Hartman, A. R., George, T. I., Nowels, K. W., Birdwell, S. L., Goffinet, D., Carlson, R. W. 2000; 217 (1): 247-250

    Abstract

    A 33-year-old woman with a strong family history of breast cancer who was referred for mammography 5 weeks after completing lactation was found to have new diffuse bilateral microcalcifications in the breast ducts. Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast showed bilateral patchy areas of abnormal enhancement. Large-core needle biopsy showed diffuse calcifications within expanded benign ducts in a background of lactational change, without evidence of malignancy. To the authors' knowledge, these calcifications have not been previously reported and are possibly related to milk stasis or apoptosis associated with lactation.

    View details for PubMedID 11012452

  • Society of Breast Imaging Residency and Fellowship Training Curriculum RADIOLOGIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Feig, S. A., Hall, F. M., Ikeda, D. M., Mendelson, E. B., Rubin, E. C., Segel, M. C., Watson, A. B., Eklund, W., Stelling, C. B., Jackson, V. P. 2000; 38 (4): 915-?

    Abstract

    A recently developed Society of Breast Imaging curriculum for residency training is intended to provide guidance to residents and their mentors, and to practicing radiologists who want to keep up to date in screening, diagnosis, and interventional procedures. The curriculum contains lists of key concepts in 14 subject areas: epidemiology; anatomy; pathology, and physiology; equipment and technique; quality control; interpretation; problem-solving mammography; ultrasound; interventional procedures; reporting and medicolegal aspects; screening; MR imaging; therapeutic considerations; and patient management principles. The curriculum also makes recommendations about residency training, including the number of examinations the resident should interpret, and the time the resident should spend in breast imaging. Recommendations for fellowship training are also discussed.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000088747800020

    View details for PubMedID 10943286

  • Characterization of breast lesion morphology with delayed 3DSSMT: An adjunct to dynamic breast MRI JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Leong, C. S., Daniel, B. L., Herfkens, R. J., Birdwell, R. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Ikeda, D. M., Sawyer-Glover, A. M., Glover, G. H. 2000; 11 (2): 87-96

    Abstract

    The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of various morphologic criteria in distinguishing malignant from benign breast lesions using a new sequence (3DSSMT) performed immediately after dynamic breast MRI. 3DSSMT combines a water-selective spectral-spatial excitation and an on-resonance magnetization transfer pulse with three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo imaging. Morphologic features of 87 pathologically confirmed lesions were analyzed. The presence of either skin thickening, or a combination of a spiculated or microlobulated border, with a rim, ductal, linear, or clumped enhancement pattern was 94% specific and 54% sensitive for malignancy. Conversely, the presence of either a perfectly smooth border, a well-defined margin, non-enhancing internal septations, or a macrolobulated border was 97% specific and 35% sensitive for a benign diagnosis. In conclusion, delayed 3DSSMT discriminates a significant number of benign and malignant breast lesions; it has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic breast MRI.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000086078100003

    View details for PubMedID 10713939

  • Contrast-enhanced locally advanced breast cancer magnetic resonance: Comparison of sagittal thin slice and 2 maximum intensity projection displays. Minor, M. A., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L., Birdwell, R. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Herfkens, R. J. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2000: 86A

    View details for Web of Science ID 000086346600472

  • Silicone breast implant rupture: Pitfalls of magnetic resonance imaging and relative efficacies of magnetic resonance, mammography, and ultrasound PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Ikeda, D. M., Borofsky, H. B., Herfkens, R. J., Sawyer-Glover, A. M., Birdwell, R. L., Glover, G. H. 1999; 104 (7): 2054-2062

    Abstract

    The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacies of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, ultrasonography, and mammography in implant rupture detection and to illustrate pitfalls in MR image interpretation. Thirty patients referred by plastic surgeons with suspected breast implant rupture were prospectively evaluated using MR, ultrasonography, and mammography. Imaging examinations were interpreted independently and blindly for implant rupture and correlated to operative findings. Surgical correlation in 16 patients (53 percent) with 31 implants showed 13 (42 percent) were intact, 5 (16 percent) had severe gel bleed, and 13 (42 percent) were ruptured. MR sensitivity was 100 percent and specificity was 63 percent. Accuracy for rupture was 81 percent with MR, higher than with ultrasonography and mammography (77 and 59 percent, respectively). We describe a specific pitfall in MR interpretation, the "rat-tail" sign, composed of a medial linear extension of silicone along the chest wall. Seen in eight cases (four intact, three ruptures, one gel bleed), the rat-tail sign may lead to misdiagnosis of implant rupture if seen in isolation. Magnetic resonance imaging is more accurate and sensitive than ultrasonography and mammography in detecting breast implant rupture. We describe a new sign (rat-tail sign) composed of medial compression of the implant simulating silicone extrusion as a potential false-positive MR finding for rupture. This article presents clinical experience with magnetic resonance, mammography, and ultrasound in the diagnosis of implant rupture and defines and illustrates potential pitfalls of MR interpretation, including the new rat-tail sign.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000083854900017

    View details for PubMedID 11149768

  • Lesion Diagnosis Working Group report JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Schnall, M. D., Ikeda, D. M. 1999; 10 (6): 982-990

    View details for Web of Science ID 000087572200013

    View details for PubMedID 10581516

  • Treatment of breast abscesses with US-guided percutaneous needle drainage without indwelling catheter placement RADIOLOGY Hook, G. W., Ikeda, D. M. 1999; 213 (2): 579-582

    Abstract

    To assess ultrasonographically (US) guided needle aspiration of breast abscesses as an alternative to surgical incision and drainage or indwelling catheter placement.The authors reviewed hospital records from 1995 to 1997 for patients undergoing US-guided aspiration of breast abscesses. Two radiologists reviewed the US, mammographic, and US-guided aspiration studies for the size, appearance, and drainage of abscesses. The medical records were reviewed for follow-up data.Thirteen patients aged 15-69 years underwent US-guided percutaneous aspiration of 13 breast abscesses. All patients presented with a palpable mass, nine of which were retroareolar. At US, four abscesses were oval, nine (including three with septa) were irregularly shaped, and five had a thick rind. Of seven abscesses 2.4 cm or smaller, two were almost completely drained and five were completely aspirated. All seven abscesses resolved without surgery. Of six women with incompletely aspirated abscesses larger than 2.4 cm (one 3 cm, four 4 cm, one 7 cm), five required surgical referral; one of these cases was referred after repeat aspiration had been performed.Percutaneous aspiration of breast abscesses can enable diagnosis of abscesses and be used to treat small abscesses if they are completely drained. Partial drainage of abscesses larger than 3 cm may be palliative, but incision and drainage still may be necessary for definitive treatment.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000083308900041

    View details for PubMedID 10551245

  • Radiofrequency ablation of breast cancer - First report of an emerging technology ARCHIVES OF SURGERY Jeffrey, S. S., Birdwell, R. L., Ikeda, D. M., Daniel, B. L., Nowels, K. W., Dirbas, F. M., Griffey, S. M. 1999; 134 (10): 1064-1068

    Abstract

    Radiofrequency (RF) energy applied to breast cancers will result in cancer cell death.Prospective nonrandomized interventional trial.A university hospital tertiary care center.Five women with locally advanced invasive breast cancer, aged 38 to 66 years, who were undergoing surgical resection of their tumor. One patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, 3 patients received preoperative chemotherapy, and 1 had no preoperative therapy. All patients completed the study.While patients were under general anesthesia and just before surgical resection, a 15-gauge insulated multiple-needle electrode was inserted into the tumor under sonographic guidance. Radiofrequency energy was applied at a low power by a preset protocol for a period of up to 30 minutes. Only a portion of the tumor was treated to evaluate the zone of RF ablation and the margin between ablated and nonablated tissue. Immediately after RF ablation, the tumor was surgically resected (4 mastectomies, 1 lumpectomy). Pathologic analysis included hematoxylin-eosin staining and enzyme histochemical analysis of cell viability with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADH-diaphorase) staining of snap-frozen tissue to assess immediate cell death.Cancer cell death as visualized on hematoxylin-eosin-stained paraffin section and NADH-diaphorase cell viability stains.There was evidence of cell death in all patients. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed complete cell death in 2 patients. In 3 patients there was a heterogeneous pattern of necrotic and normal-appearing cells within the ablated tissue. The ablated zone extended around the RF electrode for a diameter of 0.8 to 1.8 cm. NADH-diaphorase cell viability stains of the ablated tissue showed complete cell death in 4 patients. The fifth patient had a single focus of viable cells (<1 mm) partially lining a cyst. There were no perioperative complications related to RF ablation.Intraoperative RF ablation results in invasive breast cancer cell death. Based on this initial report of the use of RF ablation in breast cancer, this technique merits further investigation as a percutaneous minimally invasive modality for the local treatment of breast cancer.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000083020900010

    View details for PubMedID 10522847

  • Statistical measures for the computer-aided diagnosis of mammographic masses JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS Hastie, T., Ikeda, D., Tibshirani, R. 1999; 8 (3): 531-543

    View details for Web of Science ID 000083134100011

  • Breast lesion localization: A freehand, interactive MR imaging-guided technique RADIOLOGY Daniel, B. L., Birdwell, R. L., Ikeda, D. M., Jeffrey, S. S., Black, J. W., Block, W. F., Sawyer-Glover, A. M., Glover, G. H., Herfkens, R. J. 1998; 207 (2): 455-463

    Abstract

    To evaluate interactive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided preoperative needle localization and hookwire placement in the noncompressed breast in patients in the prone position.Nineteen MR imaging-guided breast lesion localization procedures were performed in 17 patients aged 38-70 years (mean age, 48 years) by using an open-platform breast coil in either a 1.5-T, closed-bore imager (n = 14) or a 0.5-T, open-bore imager (n = 5). Rapid imaging (fast spin-echo, water-selective fast spin-echo, or water-specific three-point Dixon gradient-echo) was alternated with freehand manipulation of an MR-compatible needle to achieve accurate needle placement.Up to three manipulations of the needle were required during an average of 9 minutes to reach the target lesion. MR imaging findings confirmed the final needle position within 9 mm of the target in all cases. The accuracy of 10 localizations was independently corroborated either at mammography or at ultrasonography. Nine lesions were visible on MR images only.Interactive MR imaging-guided, freehand needle localization is simple, accurate, and requires no special stereotactic equipment. Lesions throughout the breast, including those in the anterior part of the breast and those near the chest wall, which can be inaccessible with standard grid or compression-plate techniques, can be localized. A variety of needle trajectories in addition to the horizontal path are possible, including circumareolar approaches and tangential needle paths designed to avoid puncture of implants.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000073204300031

    View details for PubMedID 9577495

  • Three-dimensional shaded-surface rendering of MR images of the breast: technique, applications, and impact on surgical management of breast disease. Radiographics Daniel, B. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Birdwell, R. L., Ikeda, D. M., Sawyer-Glover, A. M., Herfkens, R. J. 1998; 18 (2): 483-496

    Abstract

    Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is reported to be the most accurate modality for determining the extent of breast cancer before surgery. Three-dimensionally rendered MR images can be used as an adjunct in planning breast surgery. Semiautomated methods are used to isolate the breast tissue within high-resolution MR images and to render the skin with a shaded-surface method. Cut-away views reveal lesions in the interior of the breast. Cut-plane shaded-surface display provides the surgeon with information on the size, extent, and spatial relationships of a breast lesion in a simple, intuitive format. This technique can help the surgeon plan a breast biopsy, lumpectomy, or mastectomy that will maximize local control of breast cancer while minimizing cosmetic damage to the unaffected portions of the breast. In a review of 15 clinical cases, cut-plane shaded-surface rendering aided surgical planning in 10 cases.

    View details for PubMedID 9536491

  • Shaded-surface rendering of MR images of the breast: Technique, applications, and impact on surgical management of breast disease RADIOGRAPHICS Daniel, B. L., Jeffrey, S. S., Birdwell, R. L., Ikeda, D. M., Sawyer-Glover, A. M., Herfkens, R. J. 1998; 18 (2): 483-496

    View details for Web of Science ID 000072493100020

  • Interactive MR-guided, 14-gauge core-needle biopsy of enhancing lesions in a breast phantom model ACADEMIC RADIOLOGY Daniel, B. L., Birdwell, R. L., Black, J. W., Ikeda, D. M., Glover, G. H., Herfkens, R. J. 1997; 4 (7): 508-512

    Abstract

    The authors attempted to determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided core-needle biopsy performed with a titanium biopsy needle in a breast phantom.Eight 6-7-mm lesions were created at random positions in a lard breast phantom. Each 0.2-mL lesion contained 0.118 mg of gadopentetate dimeglumine, 0.0025 mL of methylene blue dye, and 23.8 mg of gelatin. Rapid fast spin-echo MR imaging was used to guide placement of a 14-gauge titanium core-biopsy needle. A 1.5-T MR imager was used with an open-platform phased-array breast coil.Visualization of blue dye in core specimens confirmed successful biopsy in 16 of 16 attempts. One (n = 13) or two (n = 3) passes through the "skin" of the phantom were necessary for biopsy. The needle trajectory was adjusted less than three times for each pass through the "skin" in 15 of 16 biopsies. Cores that contained lesion material were obtained in the first sample in 15 of 16 biopsies. On T1-weighted images, needles cast 7-mm-diameter artifacts.MR imaging can be used accurately to guide core-needle biopsy of 6-7-mm lesions in a breast phantom.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XG51800009

    View details for PubMedID 9232171

  • Image quality in lossy compressed digital mammograms SIGNAL PROCESSING Perlmutter, S. M., Cosman, P. C., Gray, R. M., Olshen, R. A., Ikeda, D., Adams, C. N., Betts, B. J., Williams, M. B., Perlmutter, K. O., Li, J., Aiyer, A., Fajardo, L., Birdwell, R. 1997; 59 (2): 189-210

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XM04000005

  • Image compression in digital mammography: Effects on computerized detection of subtle microcalcifications MEDICAL PHYSICS Chan, H. P., Lo, S. C., Niklason, L. T., Ikeda, D. M., Lam, K. L. 1996; 23 (8): 1325-1336

    Abstract

    Our previous receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study indicated that the detection accuracy of microcalcifications by radiologists is significantly reduced if mammograms are digitized at 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm. Our recent study also showed that detection accuracy by computer decreases as the pixel size increases from 0.035 mm x 0.035 mm. It is evident that very large matrix sizes have to be used for digitizing mammograms in order to preserve the information in the image. Efficient compression techniques will be needed to facilitate communication and archiving of digital mammograms. In this study, we evaluated two compression techniques: full frame discrete cosine transform (DCT) with entropy coding and Laplacian pyramid hierarchical coding (LPHC). The dependence of their efficiency on the compression parameters was investigated. The techniques were compared in terms of the trade-off between the bit rate and the detection accuracy of subtle microcalcifications by an automated detection algorithm. The mean-square errors in the reconstructed images were determined and the visual quality of the error images was examined. It was found that with the LPHC method, the highest compression ratio achieved without a significant degradation in the detectability was 3.6:1. The full frame DCT method with entropy coding provided a higher compression efficiency of 9.6:1 at comparable detection accuracy. The mean-square errors did not correlate with the detection accuracy of the microcalcifications. This study demonstrated the importance of determining the quality of the decompressed images by the specific requirements of the task for which the decompressed images are to be used. Further investigation is needed for selection of optimal compression technique for digital mammograms.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996VC62400002

    View details for PubMedID 8873029

  • Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL Weigel, R. J., Ikeda, D. M., Nowels, K. W. 1996; 89 (5): 511-515

    Abstract

    Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare cancer. Published reports of prognosis are variable, and most studies are case reports of one or a few patients. We report an additional case of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast occurring in a 53-year-old black woman. In reviewing the reported cases of this tumor over the past 20 years, we compared features of this cancer with those of the more common breast adenocarcinoma with squamous metaplasia. When squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is encountered, a skin primary lesion and metastasis from a distant site should be excluded. Prognosis is determined largely by stage and does not differ significantly from the prognosis in breast adenocarcinoma with squamous metaplasia.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996UJ52200013

    View details for PubMedID 8638180

  • Breast imaging RADIOLOGY Reynolds, H., Cardenosa, G., GEORGIANSMITH, D., Ikeda, D., Piccoli, C. W. 1996; 198 (2): 596-597

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996TR36300059

    View details for PubMedID 8596874

  • Diagnosis of silicone gel breast implant rupture by ultrasonography PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Chung, K. C., Wilkins, E. G., BEIL, R. J., Helvie, M. A., Ikeda, D. M., Oneal, R. M., Forrest, M. E., SMITH, D. J. 1996; 97 (1): 104-109

    Abstract

    To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ruptured silicone gel breast implants, 98 patients (192 implants) underwent preoperative breast ultrasonography prior to silicone gel breast implant removal. The prevalence of implant rupture confirmed at surgery in this group of patients was 62 of the 192 implants (32 percent). Of the 60 implants diagnosed as ruptured by ultrasonography, 46 were confirmed as having visible defects at surgery (true positive) for a positive predictive value of 77 percent. Of the 132 implants diagnosed as intact by ultrasonography, 116 were confirmed as intact at surgery (true negative) for a negative predictive value of 88 percent. Overall, the sensitivity of ultrasonography for implant rupture was 74 percent, and the specificity was 89 percent. These findings demonstrate that ultrasonography is an effective imaging modality for the diagnosis of silicone gel breast implant rupture. Compared with mammography, ultrasonography appears to offer superior sensitivity and specificity without radiation exposure or discomfort. Although magnetic resonance imaging has shown considerable promise in the diagnosis of implant rupture, ultrasonography provides comparable sensitivity at a fraction of MRI's cost.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996TN30400017

    View details for PubMedID 8532766

  • BREAST-CANCER CALCIFICATION MEASUREMENTS USING DIRECT X-RAY-DETECTION IN A MONOLITHIC SILICON PIXEL DETECTOR Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS-MIC 93) Parker, S. I., Kenney, C. J., Peterson, V. Z., Ikeda, D. M., BACKUS, F. A., Snoeys, W. J., Aw, C. H. IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. 1994: 2862–73

    View details for Web of Science ID A1994PZ16000027

  • DIGITIZATION REQUIREMENTS IN MAMMOGRAPHY - EFFECTS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DETECTION OF MICROCALCIFICATIONS MEDICAL PHYSICS Chan, H. P., Niklason, L. T., Ikeda, D. M., Lam, K. L., Adler, D. D. 1994; 21 (7): 1203-1211

    Abstract

    We have developed a computerized method for detection of microcalcifications on digitized mammograms. The program has achieved an accuracy that can detect subtle microcalcifications which may potentially be missed by radiologists. In this study, we evaluated the dependence of the detection accuracy on the pixel size and pixel depth of the digitized mammograms. The mammograms were digitized with a laser film scanner at a pixel size of 0.035 mm x0.035 mm and 12-bit gray levels. Digitization with larger pixel sizes or fewer number of bits was simulated by averaging adjacent pixels or by eliminating the least significant bits, respectively. The SNR enhancement filter and the signal-extraction criteria in the computer program were adjusted to maximize the accuracy of signal detection for each pixel size. The overall detection accuracy was compared using the free response receiver operating characteristic curves. The results indicate that the detection accuracy decreases significantly as the pixel size increases from 0.035 mm x 0.035 mm to 0.07 mm x 0.07 mm (P < 0.007) and from 0.07 mm x 0.07 mm to 0.105 mm x 0.105 mm (P < 0.002). The detection accuracy is essentially independent of pixel depth from 12 to 9 bits and decreases significantly (P < 0.003) from 9 to 8 bits; a rapid decrease is observed as the pixel depth decreases further from 8 to 7 bits (P < 0.03) or from 7 to 6 bits (P < 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

    View details for Web of Science ID A1994NY97200023

    View details for PubMedID 7968855

  • Breast imaging. Radiology D'Orsi, C. J., Adler, D. D., Ikeda, D. M., Mendelson, E. B., Monsees, B. S., Newstead, G. M., Stelling, C. B. 1994; 190 (3): 936-938

    View details for PubMedID 8115659

  • US APPEARANCE OF RUPTURED SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS RADIOLOGY RUBIN, J. M., HELVIE, M. A., ADLER, R. S., IKEDA, D. 1994; 190 (2): 583–84

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiology.190.2.8284424

    View details for Web of Science ID A1994MW44400058

    View details for PubMedID 8284424

  • ABNORMAL MAMMOGRAM AFTER STEERING WHEEL INJURY WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE HARNIST, K. S., Ikeda, D. M., Helvie, M. A. 1993; 159 (4): 504-506

    View details for Web of Science ID A1993MD60500020

    View details for PubMedID 8273348

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1022298

  • PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE - RADIOLOGIC-PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION RADIOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Helvie, M. A., Frank, T. S., CHAPEL, K. L., ANDERSSON, I. T. 1993; 189 (1): 89-94

    Abstract

    To correlate the range of clinical presentations with mammographic and histologic findings in patients with Paget disease of the nipple.The clinical, pathologic, and mammographic records of 58 patients who had biopsy-proved Paget disease of the nipple were retrospectively reviewed. The results of two previous studies were also included.Among 34 patients who had typical findings of Paget disease, the mammograms of 17 (50%) showed normal findings, those of 10 (29%) showed nipple, areolar, or subareolar abnormalities, and those of seven (21%) showed evidence of masses or calcifications. Of the mammograms of 24 women with Paget disease but without clinical findings, 19 (79%) showed evidence of suspicious masses or calcifications, four (17%) showed nipple or areolar abnormalities, and one was negative.Nonspecific findings of nipple-areolar complex thickening should be correlated with findings at breast physical examination to confirm or exclude Paget disease.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1993LY02300018

    View details for PubMedID 8396786

  • HETEROZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA - DETECTION OF XANTHOMAS IN THE ACHILLES-TENDON WITH US RADIOLOGY Bude, R. O., Adler, R. S., Bassett, D. R., Ikeda, D. M., Rubin, J. M. 1993; 188 (2): 567-571

    Abstract

    Prospective sonographic evaluation of 44 Achilles tendons in 22 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) was performed with linear-array transducers with high frequency and high resolution. Intratendinous hypoechoic regions believed to represent xanthomas, ranging from single hypoechoic nodules to diffusely enlarged tendons that were heterogeneously hypoechoic, were seen in 40 of the 44 tendons (91%) and 21 of the 22 patients (95%). In addition, focal xanthomas were seen in two of three patients whose Achilles tendons were either normal or questionably abnormal at palpation. The direct visualization of xanthomas in most of these patients contrasts with findings from previously published studies, in which sonographically detected involvement was based on secondary tendon enlargement alone. The improved sonographic visualization of tendon xanthomas in FH, rather than the secondary tendon enlargement caused by them, therefore, suggests a new role for ultrasound in the early diagnosis and follow-up of these cases.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1993LM84900051

    View details for PubMedID 8327717

  • RUPTURED GEL-FILLED SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS - SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 19 CASES AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY ROSCULET, K. A., Ikeda, D. M., Forrest, M. E., Oneal, R. M., Rubin, J. M., JEFFRIES, D. O., Helvie, M. A. 1992; 159 (4): 711-716

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to describe and illustrate the sonographic appearances of 19 ruptured silicone gel breast implants.We retrospectively reviewed the sonograms of 16 patients with 19 ruptured silicone gel implants from two institutions. The ruptured implant was confirmed at surgery in 17 cases and by mammographic and clinical findings of a ruptured implant combined with biopsy findings of a silicone granuloma in two cases. Breast sonograms were available for review in all patients. The clinical presentation of each patient was recorded. The sonograms and mammograms were reviewed, and the findings were correlated with the surgical findings. In 16 of the 19 ruptured implants, mammographic findings suggested rupture, including lobulation of the contour of the implant and/or silicone extrusion into the breast parenchyma or axilla. In two ruptured implants, mammographic findings were normal, and in one case, no mammogram was available. In those three patients, palpable masses and clinical findings were suggestive of rupture.Sonography showed a unique echogenic appearance called echo-dense noise, in 17 of the 19 ruptured implants; in 10 of the 17, sonograms showed hypoechoic masses of extruded silicone also. In two ruptured implants, sonograms showed only the hypoechoic masses of extruded silicone gel.Our experience suggests that echogenic noise is a unique sonographic sign of ruptured silicone gel breast implants and may be caused by phase aberration related to the speed of sound being slower in silicone than in soft tissue.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992JQ07900005

    View details for PubMedID 1529833

  • SOLITARY BREAST PAPILLOMA - COMPARISON OF MAMMOGRAPHIC, GALACTOGRAPHIC, AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Woods, E. R., Helvie, M. A., Ikeda, D. M., MANDELL, S. H., CHAPEL, K. L., Adler, D. D. 1992; 159 (3): 487-491

    Abstract

    Our purpose was to determine the mammographic/galactographic features of solitary breast papillomas and to correlate these features with the pathologic findings.Retrospective review of pathology files revealed 72 women in whom breast biopsy reports described a solitary papilloma. All patients with additional pathologic abnormalities were excluded from this study. Patients meeting the pathologic criteria and for whom mammograms, galactograms, or both were available and had been obtained within 6 months before biopsy were included. Twenty-four women met these criteria and form the basis of this study. Presenting clinical signs and symptoms were reviewed. Abnormal mammographic/galactographic findings were correlated with pathologic features.Nipple discharge was present in 21 (88%) of 24 patients, two (8%) of 24 patients had abnormal findings on screening mammography, and one patient had a palpable mass that was visible on mammograms. Eight (42%) of 19 mammograms had abnormal findings, including dilated duct(s) in five cases (26%), nodules in two cases (11%), and microcalcifications in one case (5%). All technically adequate galactograms (13/15) had abnormal findings, with 12 (92%) of 13 showing an intraluminal filling defect. The other technically adequate galactogram (8%) showed only a solitary obstructed duct. Ductal dilatation was greatest at or central to the papilloma on 12 (92%) of 13 galactograms. Imaging features correlated well with the histologic findings.Patients with solitary papillomas most commonly have nipple discharge, normal mammographic findings, and a galactographic filling defect. Galactography is useful for localizing papillomas.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992JJ98300009

    View details for PubMedID 1503011

  • INTERVAL CARCINOMAS IN THE MALMO MAMMOGRAPHIC SCREENING TRIAL - RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE AND PROGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Andersson, I., Wattsgard, C., Janzon, L., LINELL, F. 1992; 159 (2): 287-294

    Abstract

    Interval carcinoma is the term used to describe malignant breast tumors that are detected in the intervals between mammographic screenings. These tumors are important because they contribute significantly to breast cancer mortality in the screened population.Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the mammograms of the 96 interval carcinomas (17% of all malignant neoplasms in the screened group) that were detected during the 10-year Malmö Mammographic Screening Trial in Malmö, Sweden (average time between screenings, 21 months), including one sarcoma, 75 invasive carcinomas, and 20 noninvasive carcinomas. We recorded the interval between screening and detection, and noted the tumor's appearance on the prior screening mammogram and at the time of diagnosis; these data were correlated with histologic tumor type and the patients' mortality. The doubling time for tumor volume of the invasive carcinomas was estimated.Excluding the sarcoma, 72 carcinomas (75%) were detected within 18 months of screening. Retrospective review of the available preceding screening mammograms (94 cases) indicated that 10 tumors were missed (observer's error), 63 studies showed no tumor (true interval carcinomas), and 21 studies showed subtle signs of malignancy, mostly nonspecific densities or asymmetries (unrecognized sign). Of 66 invasive carcinomas in which doubling times for tumor volume could be calculated, 27 (41%) had doubling times of less than 100 days. At the end of the study, 20 of the 96 patients had died of breast cancer.Interval carcinomas in this series were dominated by comedo, medullary, and mucinous carcinomas that often had a nonspecific appearance (when present) on prior screening mammograms. The interval carcinomas also contained a subset of rapidly growing tumors with a grave prognosis.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992JE56700011

    View details for PubMedID 1632342

  • THE ROLE OF FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION AND PNEUMOCYSTOGRAPHY IN THE TREATMENT OF IMPALPABLE BREAST CYSTS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Helvie, M. A., Adler, D. D., Schwindt, L. A., Chang, A. E., Rebner, M. 1992; 158 (6): 1239-1241

    Abstract

    Prior studies have suggested that the recurrence rate is lower in breast cysts treated by pneumocystography (injection of air into cyst cavities after cyst aspiration) than in cysts treated by fine-needle aspiration alone. To determine if this is the case for impalpable breast cysts, we reviewed the hospital records and mammograms of 38 women with 41 impalpable cysts. Mammograms obtained immediately after aspiration show that pneumocystography was successful in 18 and unsuccessful in 20 of the 41 cysts. Four cysts were excluded from the study: one cyst that recurred after aspiration and was sampled by biopsy and three cysts for which immediate post-aspiration mammograms were unavailable but which had recurred or persisted 3 years after aspiration. Review of follow-up mammograms made 4 months to 3 years after the aspiration showed that three (17%) of 18 cysts in the group with successful pneumocystography recurred and 11 (58%) of 19 cysts in the unsuccessful group recurred (p = .02). No difference was found in the number of recurrent cysts in relation to estrogen therapy or menopausal status. Our results indicate that impalpable breast cysts treated by pneumocystography are less likely to recur than are cysts treated by aspiration alone.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992HV27300009

    View details for PubMedID 1590114

  • FIBROSARCOMA OF THE BREAST - MAMMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 5 CASES AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY ELSON, B. C., Ikeda, D. M., Andersson, I., Wattsgard, C. 1992; 158 (5): 993-995

    Abstract

    The mammographic features of fibrosarcoma of the breast, a rare malignant tumor, have not been described. Accordingly, we reviewed the mammograms, pathology reports, and medical records of five women with this tumor. All cases had surgical biopsies and a diagnosis made by histologic evaluation. The age of the patients ranged from 48 to 79 years. Histologically, three of the five fibrosarcomas were thought to have arisen from phyllodes tumor, and four were palpable. On mammograms, the tumors were dense masses with largely indistinct margins, ranging from 1.5 to 7.0 cm in diameter. One contained calcified osseous elements suggesting osseous trabeculae. Although the osseous trabeculae in that tumor strongly suggested sarcoma, most of the tumors had a nonspecific appearance on mammograms. Fibrosarcomas of the breast have a nonspecific mammographic appearance. Surgical biopsy and histologic evaluation are necessary for definitive diagnosis.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992HQ19300010

    View details for PubMedID 1314479

  • BREAST IMAGING RADIOLOGY Sickles, E. A., Ackerman, L. V., DORSI, C. J., Ikeda, D. M., KIMMESMITH, C. 1992; 182 (2): 596-598

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992HA58600064

  • LOCALIZATION AND NEEDLE ASPIRATION OF BREAST-LESIONS - COMPLICATIONS IN 370 CASES AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Helvie, M. A., Ikeda, D. M., Adler, D. D. 1991; 157 (4): 711-714

    Abstract

    A prospective study of the immediate complications of 370 consecutive breast-imaging procedures (203 wire localizations and 167 radiographically or sonographically guided fine-needle aspirations) is reported. Vasovagal reactions occurred in 27 (7%) of 370 cases, ranging in severity from syncope (four of 370, 1%) to mild light-headedness. These vasovagal reactions were independent of procedure type or use of local anesthesia, but were more common in younger patients. Other complications included prolonged (5 min or longer) bleeding (three of 370, 1%) and extreme pain (two of 370, 1%). One patient was found to have malignant hypertension. We conclude that wire localizations and imaging-guided aspirations are generally well tolerated procedures. However, vasovagal reactions are frequent enough to warrant close observation of patients. Radiologists and breast-imaging personnel should be able to recognize and treat vasovagal reactions.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1991GF74300007

    View details for PubMedID 1892023

  • QUANTITATIVE SONOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AS A MEANS OF DISTINGUISHING BREAST CANCERS FROM BENIGN SOLID BREAST MASSES JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE Adler, D. D., HYDE, D. L., Ikeda, D. M. 1991; 10 (9): 505-508

    Abstract

    Ultrasound examinations of solid breast masses were reviewed retrospectively to determine whether quantitative data of their dimensions could distinguish benign from malignant tumors. Forty-nine fibroadenomas and 30 carcinomas with cytologic or histologic proof were identified. No significant difference was found between carcinomas and fibroadenomas when comparing the average ratio of length to anteroposterior (L/AP) diameter or the mean ratio of anteroposterior diameter to transverse diameter (AP/T). In this limited series, quantification of the degree of mass elongation along the natural breast tissue planes had low sensitivity in distinguishing malignant from benign tumors.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1991GD38200008

    View details for PubMedID 1920593

  • ATYPICAL HYPERPLASIA OF THE BREAST - MAMMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE AND HISTOLOGIC CORRELATION RADIOLOGY Helvie, M. A., Hessler, C., Frank, T. S., Ikeda, D. M. 1991; 179 (3): 759-764

    Abstract

    The mammograms and histologic slides of 58 cases of atypical hyperplasia (AH) of the breast were retrospectively reviewed to determine the geographic correlation (direct, near, or remote) between mammographic abnormalities (if present) and the histologic findings. A direct mammographic-histologic correlation was found in 24 of the 58 cases (41%), near correlation in 15 (26%), and remote correlation in 19 (33%). Clustered microcalcifications were the most common mammographic abnormality that was directly correlated with AH at histologic examination. Atypical ductal hyperplasia was much more frequently associated with a direct mammographic-histologic correlation than was atypical lobular hyperplasia (48% vs 9%). The authors conclude that, although no pathognomonic appearance of AH was discovered, mammographic abnormalities similar to those of small cancers could be directly correlated with histologic findings in 41% of cases. Since AH has been shown to be associated with a five- to tenfold increased risk of subsequent invasive carcinoma, frequent clinical and at least yearly mammographic follow-up is suggested once AH is discovered.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1991FM91000036

    View details for PubMedID 2027988

  • NONPALPABLE, PROBABLY BENIGN BREAST-LESIONS - FOLLOW-UP STRATEGIES AFTER INITIAL DETECTION ON MAMMOGRAPHY AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Adler, D. D., Helvie, M. A., Ikeda, D. M. 1990; 155 (6): 1195-1201

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990EK40800007

    View details for PubMedID 2122665

  • RADIAL SCLEROSING LESION OF THE BREAST - MAMMOGRAPHIC FEATURES RADIOLOGY Adler, D. D., Helvie, M. A., Oberman, H. A., Ikeda, D. M., BHAN, A. O. 1990; 176 (3): 737-740

    Abstract

    The authors present the clinical, mammographic, and pathologic findings in seven patients with radial sclerosing lesions (RSLs) who had a nonpalpable stellate lesion at mammography. Although the radiographic findings were suggestive of RSL in six of seven patients, diagnostic excisional biopsy was recommended for all. One RSL had associated microcalcifications localized in contiguous adenosis. The authors did not find this a useful criterion to differentiate RSL from carcinoma. Similarly, the presence of either a lucent or dense central core was not radiographically diagnostic. Surgical excision of these stellate lesions is therefore required.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990DV57900030

    View details for PubMedID 2389032

  • BREAST-CARCINOMA IN YOUNG-WOMEN PREVIOUSLY TREATED FOR HODGKIN DISEASE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Cook, K. L., Adler, D. D., Lichter, A. S., Ikeda, D. M., Helvie, M. A. 1990; 155 (1): 39-42

    Abstract

    The increased risk of a second malignant neoplasm developing after treatment for Hodgkin disease is well documented. Subsequent development of breast cancer in women who have been treated for Hodgkin disease is a relatively rare association. To date, no reports of the mammographic detection of breast cancer in this group of women have been published. We report six patients who developed seven breast cancers after treatment for Hodgkin disease. The average age of the women at the time of diagnosis of breast cancer was 33.5 years; diagnosis was made 10-23 years after treatment. There appears to be an increased prevalence of breast carcinoma in women who have been treated for Hodgkin disease. This association should receive further study to evaluate appropriate modifications in routine breast cancer screening for these women.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990DK48700007

    View details for PubMedID 2112862

  • TERM INFANT WITH PROGRESSIVE TACHYPNEA INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., CARON, K. H., FAISON, J. D. 1990; 25 (1): 79-81

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990CJ82800016

    View details for PubMedID 2298554

  • PARAFFIN TISSUE BLOCK RADIOGRAPHY - ADJUNCT TO BREAST SPECIMEN RADIOGRAPHY RADIOLOGY Rebner, M., Helvie, M. A., Pennes, D. R., Oberman, H. A., Ikeda, D. M., Adler, D. D. 1989; 173 (3): 695-696

    Abstract

    Radiography of specimens is an essential step in confirming excision of nonpalpable breast lesions. On occasion, however, the pathologist may not identify the lesion histologically. The authors report five cases in which suspicious microcalcifications were included in the excised tissue but were not identified by the pathologist. In all five, paraffin tissue block radiography enabled identification of the specific blocks containing the microcalcifications. The correct tissue blocks were then sectioned again, and the microcalcifications were identified histopathologically. In one case, the initial diagnosis of intraductal hyperplasia was changed to intraductal carcinoma with focal invasion. When the pathologist cannot identify the calcifications on initial histopathologic sections, this technique may assist in identification of the mammographic abnormality.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1989CA08100023

    View details for PubMedID 2682773

  • DUCTAL CARCINOMA INSITU - ATYPICAL MAMMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCES RADIOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Andersson, I. 1989; 172 (3): 661-666

    Abstract

    The authors retrospectively analyzed the mammograms of 190 women with biopsy-proved ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Excluded from the current study were 117 (62%) women whose radiographs showed suspicious clustered microcalcifications, a well-known finding in DCIS. Of the remaining 73 (38%) women, 30 (16%) had negative mammograms, and 43 (23%) had mammographic manifestations of breast malignancy other than microcalcifications. Of the latter 43, 15 had circumscribed masses, and 12 had various focal nodular patterns. The remaining 16 patients showed other mammographic signs of malignancy, including asymmetry (n = 1); dilated retroareolar ducts (n = 2); ill-defined, rounded tumor (n = 2); focal architectural distortion (n = 4); subareolar mass (n = 3); and developing density (n = 4). Of the 73 women in the study, 60 presented with clinical findings related to the tumor. Since DCIS has a high survival rate with proper treatment, radiologists should be aware of the unusual radiographic manifestations of this disease.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1989AM01500018

    View details for PubMedID 2549563

  • THE DETECTION OF ADRENAL-TUMORS AND HYPERPLASIA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM - COMPARISON OF SCINTIGRAPHY, CT, AND MR IMAGING AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Francis, I. R., Glazer, G. M., Amendola, M. A., Gross, M. D., Aisen, A. M. 1989; 153 (2): 301-306

    Abstract

    We retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies in 17 proved cases of primary aldosteronism to determine the value of the procedures used to detect adrenal tumors or adrenal hyperplasia. The procedures included CT with 3-, 5-, and/or 10-mm-thick sections (17 patients), 131I-6 beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59) scintigraphy (16 patients), and MR imaging (six patients). Proof of the adrenal abnormality was established in cases of tumor (seven adenomas, one carcinoma) by surgery and in cases of adrenal hyperplasia by surgery (three cases); venous sampling (three cases); or combined clinical, biochemical, and imaging data (three cases). Both CT and scintigraphy detected six of the seven adenomas and the adrenal carcinoma (88%). Regarding hyperplasia, CT was correct in five of six and scintigraphy was correct in two of four cases proved by surgery or venous sampling. CT and NP-59 were concordant and suggested the diagnosis of hyperplasia in the remaining three cases without surgical or venous sampling proof. MR detected both cases of adenoma in which it was performed and showed evidence of hyperplasia in one of the four cases of hyperplasia in which it was performed. Although the number of patients in this series is too small to have much statistical power, these results suggest that CT and NP-59 scintigraphy are equivalent in the detection of adrenal abnormalities in patients with primary aldosteronism. The value of MR in the detection of small adrenal contour abnormalities was limited by slice thickness capabilities.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1989AG02100017

    View details for PubMedID 2665450

  • 2ND-SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY - ONE VERSUS 2 VIEWS PER BREAST RADIOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Sickles, E. A. 1988; 168 (3): 651-656

    Abstract

    To compare the advantages of one-view versus two-view second-screening (follow-up) mammography, oblique and craniocaudal projection mammograms from 1,000 consecutive asymptomatic women who had prior normal baseline studies were reviewed retrospectively, first with only the oblique images, then with the oblique and craniocaudal views. In women with dense breasts, one-view (oblique only) readings resulted in abnormal interpretations four times more frequently (53 cases, 5.3%) than two-view readings (13 cases, 1.3%). The induced cost from these abnormal interpretations would have more than offset the small savings in operating expense associated with one-view screening. In contrast, four times fewer abnormal one-view interpretations (13 cases, 1.3%) were made in women with primarily fatty breasts, in whom superimposition of dense tissue on images is not as frequently a problem. In these women, considering only cost, it may be reasonable to obtain a single mediolateral oblique projection for follow-up screening mammography. However, the issue of whether to implement such an approach remains unresolved, because the sensitivity of one-view versus two-view second screening in the detection of breast cancer has not yet been determined.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1988P738600013

    View details for PubMedID 3406393

  • MAMMOGRAPHIC DEMONSTRATION OF PECTORAL MUSCLE MICROCALCIFICATIONS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Ikeda, D. M., Sickles, E. A. 1988; 151 (3): 475-476

    View details for Web of Science ID A1988P691800009

    View details for PubMedID 3261504

  • THE ROLE OF TRYPTOPHAN IN ASPARTATE-TRANSCARBAMYLASE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Foote, J., Ikeda, D. M., Kantrowitz, E. R. 1980; 255 (11): 5154-5158

    Abstract

    Replacement of 7-azatryptophan for tryptophan in two positions on the catalytic chain of aspartate transcarbamylase results in changes in the enzyme's homotropic and heterotropic interactions although there is no change in the enzyme's specific activity. The extent of azatryptophan incorporation was quantitated by amino acid analysis which showed that 85% of the tryptophan residues had been replaced. The substituted enzyme is activated by ATP and inhibited by CTP to a greater extent than is the native enzyme. The aspartate saturation curve in the presence of ATP is identical for the two enzymes, but the curve in the presence of CTP and without effectors is shifted toward higher aspartate concentrations for the azatryptophan-substituted enzyme. At low aspartate concentrations, the native enzyme is activated to a greater extent by the substrate analog succinate. These data suggest that the substitution renders the low substrate affinity conformational state of the enzyme less catalytically efficient. This interpretation is in agreement with possible side chain interactions observed in the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1980JV40800035

    View details for PubMedID 6989823

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